scholarly journals Management of early blight (Alternaria solani Sorauer) in processing potato crops with new fungicides – phytopathological and physiological implicancies

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-68
Author(s):  
A.B. Andreu, C. de Lasa, P.A. Suárez, D.O. Caldiz
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
The Impact

In Argentina, 75,000 ha of potatoes are grown annually and close to 25% of this area is grown for the processing industry. Among the impact of other diseases and pests, early blight (Alternaria solani Sorauer) infections could reduce yield by up to 20%. Hence, the objective of this work was to assess the impact of a new-generation of fungicides (Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin - Bellis®- BASF Argentina) on early blight management. Results showed that foliar applications of Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin, were not only effective in controlling the disease, but they also promoted a stay-green effect and a positive impact on yield and quality in the processing cultivars Daisy and Innovator. Besides, Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin treated tubers showed an increased level of phytoalexins and stress oxidative enzymes related to defense mechanisms, such as peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Also, an increased deposition of cell wall reinforcement components such as phenols and lignin was observed. Thus, management of these processing varieties with Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin not only contributes to protect the foliage, but also increase yield and quality and induces the development of systemic acquired resistance that improves tuber storability.

scholarly journals Use of New BTH Derivative as Supplement or Substitute of Standard Fungicidal Program in Strawberry Cultivation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Maciej Spychalski ◽  
Rafal Kukawka ◽  
Włodzimierz Krzesiński ◽  
Tomasz Spiżewski ◽  
Monika Michalecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Amide Derivative ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The Impact

Triggering the plant resistance induction phenomenon by chemical compounds, for example acibenzolar-S-methyl ester, has been known and described in scientific literature. Other benzothadiazole derivatives have been also described; however, their properties have not been sufficiently studied. The tested substance, N-methyl-N-methoxyamide-7-carboxybenzo(1.2.3)thiadiazole (BTHWA), is an amide derivative of benzothiadiazole, showing a stimulating effect on plant growth, apart from its plant resistance inducing activity. This article presents the impact of BTHWA, used solo and in the program with fungicides, on the strawberry plants development, fruits health, yield, and quality parameters of the crop. The results show that the combined use of BTHWA and fungicides had a positive impact on the plants health and fruit health and nutraceutical and nutritional composition of compounds when compared to the results obtained when strawberries were treated only with the BTHWA or the fungicide. As a result of BTHWA use, the partitioning of assimilates has changed, which directly translated into the results of the conducted experiments. A reduction in the respiration of the fruit during storage was also observed, possibly due to a reduced disease infestation and a lower dry matter content in the fruit. A correlation between the parameters determined during the experiment was found. The BTHWA mode of action was evidenced to be beneficial to strawberry plants and fruit.

scholarly journals Chemical sensing of plant stress at the ecosystem scale

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Karl ◽  
A. Guenther ◽  
A. Turnipseed ◽  
E. G. Patton ◽  
K. Jardine
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Significant ecosystem-scale emissions of methylsalicylate (MeSA), a semivolatile plant hormone thought to act as the mobile signal for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), were observed in an agroforest. Our measurements show that plant internal defence mechanisms can be activated in response to temperature stress and are modulated by water availability on large scales. Highest MeSA fluxes (up to 0.25 mg/m2/h) were observed after plants experienced ambient night-time temperatures of ~7.5°C followed by a large daytime temperature increase (e.g. up to 22°C). Under these conditions estimated night-time leaf temperatures were as low as ~4.6°C, likely inducing a response to prevent chilling injury. Our observations imply that plant hormones can be a significant component of ecosystem scale volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes (e.g. as high as the total monoterpene (MT) flux) and therefore contribute to the missing VOC budget. If generalized to other ecosystems and different types of stresses these findings suggest that semivolatile plant hormones have been overlooked by investigations of the impact of biogenic VOCs on aerosol formation events in forested regions. Our observations show that the presence of MeSA in canopy air serves as an early chemical warning signal indicating ecosystem-scale stresses before visible damage becomes apparent. As a chemical metric, ecosystem emission measurements of MeSA in ambient air could therefore support field studies investigating factors that adversely affect plant growth.

scholarly journals Different Pathogen Defense Strategies in Arabidopsis: More than Pathogen Recognition

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Feng Zhao ◽  
Lihui Jiang ◽  
Cun Chen ◽  
Lintao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Simultaneous Infection ◽  
Multiple Pathogens

Plants constantly suffer from simultaneous infection by multiple pathogens, which can be divided into biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogens, according to their lifestyles. Many studies have contributed to improving our knowledge of how plants can defend against pathogens, involving different layers of defense mechanisms. In this sense, the review discusses: (1) the functions of PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), (2) evidence highlighting the functions of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling pathways downstream of PTI and ETI, and (3) other defense aspects, including many novel small molecules that are involved in defense and phenomena, including systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and priming. In particular, we mainly focus on SA and (JA)/ET-mediated signaling pathways. Interactions among them, including synergistic effects and antagonistic effects, are intensively explored. This might be critical to understanding dynamic disease regulation.

Taking Advantage of Plant Defense Mechanisms to Promote Human Health. The Plant Immune System. First of Two Parts

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Manrico Magrone ◽  
Matteo Antonio Russo ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Protein Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Background: Despite the evidence that plants do not possess sessile cells, they are able to mount a vigorous immune response against invaders or under stressful conditions. Mechanisms of action: Plants are endowed with pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) which perceive damage-associated molecular patterns and microbe-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), respectively. PPR activation leads to either the initiation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) (early response) or the effectortriggered immunity (ETI). Both PTI and ETI contribute to plant systemic acquired resistance as also an expression of immunological memory or trained immunity. Plant immune receptors: PTI is initiated by activation of both receptor-like kinases and receptor-like proteins, while ETI depends on nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat protein receptors for microbe recognition. Peptides involved in plant defenses: Plant chloroplasts contribute to both PTI and ETI through production of peptides which act as hormones or phytocytokines. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene are the major compounds involved in plant defense. Specific aims: The interaction between plant receptors and/or their products and bacterial components will be discussed. Also emphasis will be placed on plant microbiome for its contribution to plant immune response. Finally, the mutual interplay between insects and plants will also be illustrated. Conclusion: A better knowledge on plant immunity may pave the way for the exploitation of plant derivatives in the field of agriculture and medicine, as well.

scholarly journals Abnormal Callose Response Phenotype and Hypersusceptibility to Peronospora parasitica in Defense-Compromised Arabidopsis nim1-1 and Salicylate Hydroxylase-Expressing Plants

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Donofrio ◽  
Terrence P. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Peronospora Parasitica ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Type Pattern ◽  
Pathogen Fitness ◽  
Response Phenotype ◽  
The Impact

To investigate the impact of induced host defenses on the virulence of a compatible Peronospora parasitica strain on Arabidopsis thaliana, we examined growth and development of this pathogen in nim1-1 mutants and transgenic salicylate hydroxylase plants. These plants are unable to respond to or accumulate salicylic acid (SA), respectively, are defective in expression of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and permit partial growth of some normally avirulent pathogens. We dissected the P. parasitica life cycle into nine stages and compared its progression through these stages in the defense-compromised hosts and in wild-type plants. NahG plants supported the greatest accumulation of pathogen biomass and conidiophore production, followed by nim1-1 and then wild-type plants. Unlike the wild type, NahG and nim1-1 plants showed little induction of the SAR gene PR-1 after colonization with P. parasitica, which is similar to our previous observations. We examined the frequency and morphology of callose deposits around parasite haustoria and found significant differences between the three hosts. NahG plants showed a lower fraction of haustoria surrounded by thick callose encasements and a much higher fraction of hausto-ria with callose limited to thin collars around haustorial necks compared to wild type, whereas nim1-1 plants were intermediate between NahG and wild type. Chemical induction of SAR in plants colonized by P. parasitica converted the extrahaustorial callose phenotype in NahG to resemble closely the wild-type pattern, but had no effect on nim1-1 plants. These results suggest that extrahausto-rial callose deposition is influenced by the presence or lack of SA and that this response may be sensitive to the NIM1/NPR1 pathway. Additionally, the enhanced susceptibility displayed by nim1-1 and NahG plants shows that even wild-type susceptible hosts exert defense functions that reduce disease severity and pathogen fitness.

scholarly journals Resistance to Alternaria solani in Hybrids Between a Solanum tuberosum Haploid and S. raphanifolium

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Weber ◽  
S. H. Jansky
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Progress Curve

Early blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum), caused by the foliar fungal pathogen Alternaria solani, is a major cause of economic loss in many potato-growing regions. Genetic resistance offers an opportunity to decrease fungicide usage while maintaining yield and quality. In this study, an early blight resistant clone of the diploid wild species S. raphanifolium was crossed as a male to a haploid (2n=2x) of cultivated potato. Hybrids were backcrossed to both parents. Eight families were created and evaluated for early blight resistance in the field. Families created by backcrossing to the wild species parent exhibited significantly lower relative area under the disease progress curve means than those from backcrossing to the cultivated parent, leading to the conclusion that S. raphanifolium contributes genes for early blight resistance. The mechanism of resistance in S. raphanifolium is unique because A. solani could not be recovered from lesions. Clones were identified with high levels of resistance and adaptation to the photoperiod of a temperate production region.

scholarly journals Relationship between Delayed Leaf Senescence (Stay-Green) and Agronomic and Physiological Characters in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Nadia Chibane ◽  
Marlon Caicedo ◽  
Susana Martinez ◽  
Purificación Marcet ◽  
Pedro Revilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Delayed Senescence ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
The Impact

Stay-green (SG) is a term used to describe genotypes that have delayed leaf senescence as compared to reference genotypes. SG could be favorable for grain yield, silage yield and quality, double exploitation (grain for feed and stover for bioenergy), stress resistance, etc. However, some studies show contradictory results regarding the influence of senescence or SG in the uptake and remobilization of nutrients and the yield and moisture of stover and grain. This experiment is aimed to study the impact of senescence in grain and stover yield and moisture in inbred lines of maize and assess the potential of SG genotypes for double exploitation. We also study the influence of senescence in the uptake of N and remobilization of dry matter and N from stover to grain. We evaluated 16 maize inbred lines with contrasting expression of senescence in the field at two locations in Galicia in 2017. We confirmed that SG is functional, meaning that the SG genotypes maintained photosynthesis activity for a lengthy period. Coordinated with a delayed senescence, the grain filling of the SG genotypes was 9 days longer than NSG genotypes. SG genotypes took up more N after flowering, although the remobilization of N and, in general, of dry matter from stover to kernels was less efficient. However, the higher uptake compensated the poor remobilization, and the final effect of SG on the N content of the kernels was favorable. SG was also favorable for kernel weight and the kernels of SG genotypes were 20% heavier than for NSG. The stover yield was also higher in the SG genotypes, indicating a potential of SG for breeding for double purpose (grain for feed and stover for bioenergy).

scholarly journals Systemic Acquired Resistance in Moss: Further Evidence for Conserved Defense Mechanisms in Plants

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e101880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Winter ◽  
Collin E. Bowman ◽  
Philip J. Villani ◽  
Thomas E. Dolan ◽  
Nathanael R. Hauck
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance

scholarly journals Mulches and Their Impact on Floor Management and Performance of Fruit Crops: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
Vijay P. Singh ◽  
Rajkumar Jat ◽  
Virendra Kumar ◽  
Ravinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Moisture Status

Apart from the various innovations and technologies developed, productivity of most of the fruit crops in India remains at a lower level when compared to the major producers and developed countries. In the present era of health awareness, demand of the quality fruits, classified as protective foods, has increased globally. The ever-growing demand for the quality fruits and market competition has been compelling the farmers to produce more but quality fruits. Use of mulches is an age old practice and also one the cheapest methods under protected cultivation technologies which could help the orchardists to increase the production with higher quality. Looking to the several biotic and abiotic challenges in fruit production, adoption of mulching technique at large scale might be helpful to mitigate several problems considering the advantages of mulching. Several studies have shown that mulching in fruit crops has positive impact on soil moisture status, soil temperature along with weed suppression thus on rhizosphere of the plants. These rhizospheric conditions favour the vegetative as well as yield and quality parameters of the fruit crops. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the impact of mulching on floor management (soil moisture status, soil temperature and weed suppression) as well as growth, yield and quality characteristics in fruit crops with the help of appropriate findings available in literature.

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