scholarly journals Relationship between Delayed Leaf Senescence (Stay-Green) and Agronomic and Physiological Characters in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Nadia Chibane ◽  
Marlon Caicedo ◽  
Susana Martinez ◽  
Purificación Marcet ◽  
Pedro Revilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Delayed Senescence ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
The Impact

Stay-green (SG) is a term used to describe genotypes that have delayed leaf senescence as compared to reference genotypes. SG could be favorable for grain yield, silage yield and quality, double exploitation (grain for feed and stover for bioenergy), stress resistance, etc. However, some studies show contradictory results regarding the influence of senescence or SG in the uptake and remobilization of nutrients and the yield and moisture of stover and grain. This experiment is aimed to study the impact of senescence in grain and stover yield and moisture in inbred lines of maize and assess the potential of SG genotypes for double exploitation. We also study the influence of senescence in the uptake of N and remobilization of dry matter and N from stover to grain. We evaluated 16 maize inbred lines with contrasting expression of senescence in the field at two locations in Galicia in 2017. We confirmed that SG is functional, meaning that the SG genotypes maintained photosynthesis activity for a lengthy period. Coordinated with a delayed senescence, the grain filling of the SG genotypes was 9 days longer than NSG genotypes. SG genotypes took up more N after flowering, although the remobilization of N and, in general, of dry matter from stover to kernels was less efficient. However, the higher uptake compensated the poor remobilization, and the final effect of SG on the N content of the kernels was favorable. SG was also favorable for kernel weight and the kernels of SG genotypes were 20% heavier than for NSG. The stover yield was also higher in the SG genotypes, indicating a potential of SG for breeding for double purpose (grain for feed and stover for bioenergy).

Identifying Inbred Lines Capable of Improving Ear and Stover Yield and Quality of Superior Silage Maize Hybrids

Crop Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Bertoia ◽  
Ruggero Burak ◽  
Marcelo Torrecillas
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Stover Yield

Identifying Inbred Lines Capable of Improving Ear and Stover Yield and Quality of Superior Silage Maize Hybrids

Crop Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Bertoia ◽  
Ruggero Burak ◽  
Marcelo Torrecillas
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Stover Yield

Heat stress in grain legumes during reproductive and grain-filling phases

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Faisal Nadeem ◽  
Nirmali Gogoi ◽  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Salem S. Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
The Impact

Thermal stress during reproductive development and grain-filling phases is a serious threat to the quality and productivity of grain legumes. The optimum temperature range for grain legume crops is 10−36°C, above which severe losses in grain yield can occur. Various climatic models have simulated that the temperature near the earth’s surface will increase (by up to 4°C) by the end of this century, which will intensify the chances of heat stress in crop plants. The magnitude of damage or injury posed by a high-temperature stress mainly depends on the defence response of the crop and the specific growth stage of the crop at the time of exposure to the high temperature. Heat stress affects grain development in grain legumes because it disintegrates the tapetum layer, which reduces nutrient supply to microspores leading to premature anther dehiscence; hampers the synthesis and distribution of carbohydrates to grain, curtailing the grain-filling duration leading to low grain weight; induces poor pod development and fractured embryos; all of which ultimately reduce grain yield. The most prominent effects of heat stress include a substantial reduction in net photosynthetic rate, disintegration of photosynthetic apparatus and increased leaf senescence. To curb the catastrophic effect of heat stress, it is important to improve heat tolerance in grain legumes through improved breeding and genetic engineering tools and crop management strategies. In this review, we discuss the impact of heat stress on leaf senescence, photosynthetic machinery, assimilate translocation, water relations, grain quality and development processes. Furthermore, innovative breeding, genetic, molecular and management strategies are discussed to improve the tolerance against heat stress in grain legumes.

scholarly journals Dissecting Bread Wheat Heterosis through the Integration of Agronomic and Physiological Traits

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Kevin Gimenez ◽  
Pierre Blanc ◽  
Odile Argillier ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Pierre ◽  
Jacques Le Le Gouis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Delayed Senescence ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Wheat Hybrids

To meet the challenge of feeding almost 10 billion people by 2050, wheat yield has to double by 2050. However, over the past 20 years, yield increase has slowed down and even stagnated in the main producing countries. Following the example of maize, hybrids have been suggested as a solution to overcome yield stagnation in wheat. However, wheat heterosis is still limited and poorly understood. Gaining a better understanding of hybrid vigor holds the key to breed for better varieties. To this aim, we have developed and phenotyped for physiological and agronomic traits an incomplete factorial design consisting of 91 hybrids and their nineteen female and sixteen male parents. Monitoring the plant development with normalized difference vegetation index revealed that 89% of the hybrids including the five higher yielding hybrids had a longer grain filling phase with a delayed senescence that results in larger grain size. This average increase of 7.7% in thousand kernel weight translated to a positive mid-parent heterosis for grain yield for 86% of hybrids. In addition, hybrids displayed a positive grain protein deviation leading to a +4.7% heterosis in protein yield. These results shed light on the physiological bases underlying yield heterosis in wheat, paving new ways to breed for better wheat hybrids.

Disentangling the photosynthesis performance in japonica rice during natural leaf senescence using OJIP fluorescence transient analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Faliang Zeng ◽  
Guojiao Wang ◽  
Yinpei Liang ◽  
Naihui Guo ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Electron Transport Chains ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Ojip Fluorescence Transient ◽  
Natural Leaf

Rice undergoes leaf senescence accompanied with grain filling when the plants reach the end of their temporal niche, and a delay in leaf senescence ultimately improves the yield and quality of grain. To estimate the decline in photosynthesis during leaf senescence and to find an efficient and useful tool to identify rice genotypes with a longer duration of active photosynthesis, we examined PSII photosynthetic activity in the flag leaves of japonica rice Shennong265 (SN265) and Beigeng3 (BG3) during leaf senescence using chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics. The results show that inhibition occurred in the electron transport chains, but the energetic connectivity of PSII units was not affected as dramatically during leaf senescence. PSII reaction centres (RCs) were transformed into ‘silent RCs,’ and the chlorophyll content decreased during leaf senescence. However the size of the ‘economic’ antennae increased. Further, the percentage of variation of the specific energy flux parameters can rationally be used to indicate leaf senescence from the perspective of energy balance. Although the performance indices were more sensitive than other functional and structural JIP-test parameters, they still did not serve as an indicator of crop yield.

EFFECT OF SOURCE-SINK RATIO ON DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION AND LEAF SENESENCE OF MAIZE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Source Sink

The effect of source-sink ratio (i.e., the ability of the leaves to produce photosynthate versus the capacity of the grain to accommodate the assimilates) on dry matter accumulation and leaf senescence during the grain filling period of two short-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids was investigated in 1979 and 1980. Source-sink ratio of the maize hybrids was altered by ear removal at midsilking and at 3 wk after midsilking; by partial fertilization of the topmost ear so that treatment ears contained approximately 50% of kernel number of the control; and by removal of all leaf blades but that of the ear leaf at 2 wk after midsilking. Crop growth rate during the period from 3–5 wk after midsilking was reduced by 30% for the partly fertilized treatment and by 60% for both ear removal treatments. During the period from 5 to 7 wk after midsilking, the treatment-by-hybrid interaction for crop growth rate reflected different patterns of leaf senescence. In one hybrid, treatments which caused reductions in sink size delayed leaf senescence and increased the crop growth during the 5 to 7-wk postsilking interval, relative to the control. The reverse was evident for the other hybrid. Partial defoliation tended to cause the remaining ear leaf to senescence slightly earlier than in the control. Apparently two types of leaf senescence occurred: senescence due to assimilate starvation, and senescence due to excessive assimilate accumulation. The former caused by excessively low source-sink ratio and the latter caused by excessively high source-sink ratio. These results indicate that a delicate balance exists between sink and source during the grain-filling period of maize, and that disturbance of this balance can cause substantial yield reductions, plus an acceleration of leaf senescence and maturation processes.

scholarly journals TOLERANCE MECHANISM AGAINST IMPACT OF HEAT STRESS ON WHEAT : A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Neha Sah ◽  
Dolma Sherpa
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) of the family Poaceae is an important cereal crop and is regarded as a basic source of calories and protein demands of the increasing population. With regards to change in global temperature, the impact of rising temperature on crop production is gaining concern worldwide. Among the various abiotic stresses observed in wheat, heat and drought are the major abiotic stresses. An increase in temperature results in the reduction of grain number, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content, and starch synthesis in the endosperm interrupting the important morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes of the plant causing considerable variation like reduction in grain weight per ear, single kernel weight, kernel number, grain size. Spikelet formation, seed size, etc. along with decreased plant size under morphological changes. Similarly, under physiological changes, water potential, photosynthesis, respiration, etc. are adversely affected due to heat stress in wheat. Content of starch, protein, and different types of amino acid present in wheat grain is also affected due to heat stress which comes under biochemical changes. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) and stay green are the mechanisms for the heat tolerance in wheat. The present review was carried out to summarize the various effects of heat stress on wheat at morpho-anatomical, physiological, and biochemical behavior with a brief discussion on suitable breeding strategies to improve the production of wheat crops.

scholarly journals Characterization of Photosynthetic Performance during Senescence in Stay-Green and Quick-Leaf-Senescence Zea mays L. Inbred Lines

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e42936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zishan Zhang ◽  
Geng Li ◽  
Huiyuan Gao ◽  
Litao Zhang ◽  
Cheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Stay Green

scholarly journals Pericarp growth dynamics associate with final grain weight in wheat under contrasting plant densities and increased night temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Herrera ◽  
Daniel F Calderini
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Density Control ◽  
Plant Densities

Abstract Background and Aims The pericarp weight comprises <17 % of wheat grain weight at harvest. The pericarp supports the hydration and nutrition of both the embryo and endosperm during early grain filling. However, studies of the pericarp and its association with final grain weight have been scarce. This research studied the growth dynamics of wheat pericarp from anthesis onwards and its relationship to final grain weight under contrasting plant densities and night warming. Methods Two spring wheat cultivars contrasting in kernel weight (Bacanora and Kambara) were sown in field conditions during seasons 2012–13 and 2014–15. Both genotypes were grown under contrasting plant density (control, 370 plants m–2; and low plant density, 44 plants m–2) and night temperatures, i.e. at ambient and increased (>6 °C) temperature for short periods before and after anthesis. From anthesis onward, grains were harvested every 3 or 4 d. Grain samples were measured and the pericarp was removed with a scalpel. Whole grain and pericarp fresh and dry weight were weighed with a precision balance. At harvest, 20 grains from ten spikes were weighed and grain dimensions were measured. Key Results Fresh weight, dry matter and water content of pericarp dynamics showed a maximum between 110 and 235 °Cd. Maximum dry matter of the pericarp ranged between 4.3 and 5.7 mg, while water content achieved values of up to 12.5 mg. Maximum values and their timings were affected by the genotype, environmental condition and grain position. Final grain weight was closely associated with maximum dry matter and water content of the pericarp. Conclusions Maximum pericarp weight is a determinant of grain weight and size in wheat, which is earlier than other traits considered as key determinants of grain weight during grain filling. Better growing conditions increased maximum pericarp weight, while higher temperature negatively affected this trait.

scholarly journals Effect of crop density on yield and quality of alfalfa forage from combined use (forage-seed)

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1571-1578
Author(s):  
R. Stanisavljevic ◽  
J. Milenkovic ◽  
D. Djokic ◽  
D. Terzic ◽  
J. Markovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Third ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
The Impact

In Serbia, alfalfa is the most important perennial forage legume that is grown at 180-200 thousand hectares. Except for the classic production of forage, alfalfa is very important for seed production. In our conditions Alfalfa seed are produced from the second cut of alfalfa. Higher seed yields are achieved in larger distances between rows. In this system of production first and third cut are used for fodder. This trial tests three different densities and four varieties in order to determine the impact on yield and quality of forage dry matter. In the year of establishment, cultivars from the treatment A1 achieved higher yields of dry matter for 2.3 t ha-1 in relation to the treatment A2. In the second year, yield was higher by 1.4 t ha-1, and in the third higher for 3.1 t ha-1. Treatment A1 compared to A3 treatment had a higher yield of 3.5 t ha-1 (52%). In the second year treatment A1 achieved higher yields of forage then treatment A3 for 3.8 t ha-1 (44%), and in the third year for 4.6 t ha-1 (56%). Cultivars were also significantly affected the yield of forage dry matter at all densities. Influence of density and variety to the chemical composition of forage and the content of macro elements in the forage had no significant effect.

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