scholarly journals State-of-the-art clinical results of growth hormone secretagogues, sarm and antagonists

2020 ◽  
pp. 37229-37237
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogues ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Natural Ligand ◽  
Study Results

Introduction: The term growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) encompasses compounds that were developed to increase growth release of growth hormone (GH). GHSs include growth hormone receptor secretagogue agonists (GHS-R), whose natural ligand is ghrelin, and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) agonists, to which GHRH binds as a native ligand. In the context of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM), the presence of a Toll-IL-1 receptor domain (TIR) predicts a role for SARMs in innate immunity. SARMs are an emerging class of therapies aimed at cachexia, sarcopenia and hypogonadism or treatment of stress urinary incontinence, osteoporosis, breast cancer and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Objective: To present the state-of-the-art scientific evidence in humans on the use of growth hormone secretagogues, SARM and antagonists. Methods: Experimental and clinical studies were included (case reports, retrospective, prospective, randomized studies and systematic review) with qualitative and/or quantitative analysis. For further specifications, the description “Clinical Trail” for refinement was added during the research, following the rules of the systematic reviewPRISMA. Of 384 articles, a total of 80 articles were evaluated in full and 58 were included and discussed in this study. Results and conclusion: Several clinical trials have been conducted and completed to assess the safety and efficacy of GHS for the diagnosis and / or treatment of GH deficiency. Over the past two decades, scientists' efforts have focused on the discovery and biological characterization of new tissue-specific SARM to promote the beneficial effects of androgens with greatly reduced undesirable side effects. In this regard, numerous studies with SARM of different structures have been reported. Despite evidenced clinical and preclinical studies, no SARM has yet received full clinical approval.

scholarly journals A Clinical Perspective of Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diets: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Giuseppe Sukkar ◽  
Maurizio Muscaritoli
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Morbid Conditions

Low carbohydrates diets (LCDs), which provide 20–120 g of carbohydrates per day, have long been used as therapeutic options in the treatment of severe obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and other morbid conditions, with good results in terms of weight loss and control of the main metabolic parameters, at least in the short and medium term. According to the caloric content and the macronutrient composition, we can classify LCDs in hypocaloric, normoproteic diets [such as the Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) or the protein-sparing modified fasting (PSMF)], hypocaloric, hyperproteic and hyperlipidic diets (e.g., Atkins, Paleo diets…) and normocaloric, normo-/hyperproteic diets (eucaloric KD), the latter mainly used in patients with brain tumors (gliomas) and refractory epilepsy. In addition to LCD diets, another interesting dietary approach which gained attention in the last few decades is fasting and its beneficial effects in terms of modulation of metabolic pathways, cellular processes and hormonal secretions. Due to the impossibility of using fasting regimens for long periods of time, several alternative strategies have been proposed that can mimic the effects, including calorie restriction, intermittent or alternating fasting, and the so-called fasting mimicking diets (FMDs). Recent preclinical studies have shown positive effects of FMDs in various experimental models of tumors, diabetes, Alzheimer Disease, and other morbid conditions, but to date, the scientific evidence in humans is limited to some opens studies and case reports. The purpose of our narrative review is to offer an overview of the characteristics of the main dietary regimens applied in the treatment of different clinical conditions as well as of the scientific evidence that justifies their use, focusing on low and zero-carb diets and on the different types of fasting.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Clinical and pharmacogenetic aspects of the growth hormone receptor polymorphism

2017 ◽  
Vol 177 (6) ◽  
pp. R309-R321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar L Boguszewski ◽  
Edna J L Barbosa ◽  
Per-Arne Svensson ◽  
Gudmundur Johannsson ◽  
Camilla A M Glad
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Genetic Variant ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Growth Disorders ◽  
Rhgh Therapy ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Impact

Pharmacogenetics aims to maximize the beneficial effects of a medical therapy by identifying genetic finger prints from responders and non-responders and, thereby improving safety and efficacy profile of the drug. Most subjects who are deficient in growth hormone (GHD) are candidates for recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy. To date, it is well established that even after adjustments for several clinical variables, such as age, gender, body composition and the age at onset of the GHD, response to rhGH treatment is highly variable among individuals, part of which is believed to be due to genetic factors within the GH system. As the first genetic variant to potentially influence the individual response to rhGH therapy in children with growth disorders, polymorphism in the GH receptor (GHR) has attracted a great interest as a target for pharmacogenetics. Studies have been conducted to compare the functional and molecular effects of the full-length GHR (fl-GHR) isoform with the exon 3 deleted (d3-GHR) isoform in children and adults treated with rhGH therapy. Additionally, the impact of the GHR polymorphism has been investigated in relation to the clinical status and response to medical treatment in acromegaly, especially to the GHR antagonist drug pegvisomant. We have performed a narrative review of the studies performed to date on the association of GHR polymorphism with rhGH response in children and adults, and its potential influence in the medical management of acromegaly. In addition, data from studies on the general population and in other chronic diseases examining a role of this genetic variant in the regulation of growth and metabolism are summarized.

scholarly journals Premature birth and COVID-19: an integrative review/ Nascimento prematuro e COVID-19: uma revisão integrativa

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1490214911
Author(s):  
Marina Presmich Pontual ◽  
Camila Radelley Azevedo Costa da Silva ◽  
Lisiane Vital de Oliveira ◽  
Lorenna Peixoto Lopes ◽  
Isabela Karine Rodrigues Agra
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Premature Birth ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Study Results

OBJECTIVE: To review the current scientific evidence of premature birth related to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19).METHODS: An integrative review was carried out by three independent researchers, based on the literature available in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and LILACS databases, using the descriptors "coronavirus infections" and "premature birth". This research included case reports or case series published until 26th February 2021, in English or Portuguese. After reading the articles in their entirety, those specifically related to premature birth in pregnant women positive for Covid-19 were selected. Initially, a total of 21 articles were found, 19 were analyzed in full-text and 13 were finally selected for this study. RESULTS: The rate of prematurity was not reflected at the expense of spontaneous premature birth, since these were relatively low, with a cesarean section percentage higher than 80%. Most reports describe the termination of pregnancy by cesarean section due to maternal-fetal hemodynamic instability. It is known that Covid-19 can cause serious maternal or perinatal outcomes; however, it is suggested that the indication of the delivery route be individualized and the importance of quality prenatal care is emphasized.CONCLUSION: Covid-19 prematurity seems to be elevated by the increased number of preterm births due to cesarean sections possibly to improve maternal and neonatal clinical status. However, more studies are needed to prove the hypothesis of spontaneous premature labor caused directly by SARS-CoV-2.

Laron syndrome – A case Report

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-106
Author(s):  
Javaid Ahmad Bhat ◽  
Moomin Hussain Bhat ◽  
Hilal Bhat ◽  
Mona Sood ◽  
Shariq Rashid Masoodi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Laron Syndrome ◽  
Rare Genetic Disorder ◽  
Igf I

Background : Laron & colleagues (1966) reported a rare genetic disorder in Israliei Jewish sublings which was characterized by insensitivity to growth hormone due to abnormality in growth hormone receptor or post receptor signaling pathway.Case Report: We hereby report a case of a 5 year old female child who presented to us with features similar to Laron syndrome. The diagnosis was made & confirmed by various Lab. investigations like low IGF-I levels and managed accordingly. JMS 2017; 20 (2):104-106  

Three novel Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) splicing mutations causing a spectrum of Growth Hormone Insensitivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Cottrell ◽  
Avinaash Maharaj ◽  
Tasneem Ladha ◽  
Sumana Chatterjee ◽  
Anna Grandone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Splicing Mutations ◽  
Growth Hormone Insensitivity

Isolation of two types of cDNA encoding growth hormone receptor-like genes in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (sup1) ◽  
pp. 959-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUICHI OZAKI ◽  
HARUHISA FUKADA ◽  
YUKINORI KAZETO ◽  
SHINJI ADACHI ◽  
AKIHIKO HARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Anguilla Japonica ◽  
Japanese Eel
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