scholarly journals The Characteristics of Microbiome in Newborns and Children and the Effects of Antibiotic Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 2795-2797
Author(s):  
Dana Claudia Thompson ◽  
Madalina Gabriela Barbu ◽  
Oana Daniela Toader ◽  
Lucian Pop ◽  
Andrei Dennis Voichitoiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
High Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The acquisition of the infant�s microbiota is a vastly researched subject and of high interest. As more information is gathered, scientists prove the link between an unbalanced microbiome and certain afflictions. Antibiotics are widely used drugs and one of the factors that can shape the composition of the infant�s gut bacterial colonization. In this paper we aim to present the natural history of the child�s microbiome and the way it can be influenced by the use of antibiotics.

Symptoms and Their Relationship to Diagnosis: A Commentary on “Symptom Descriptions in Psychopathology: How Well Are They Working for Us?” (Wilshire et al., 2021)

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262199035
Author(s):  
John B. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Gaming Disorder ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Symptoms are vital representations of human disorders, are key to understanding disorders, and may be the focus of specific therapeutic efforts. Symptoms are imperfect, and there are many influences on how they are described and understood. Are they hand servants of diagnosis or important in their own right? The answer seems to be both, but diagnosis is typically the way in which communication about psychopathology occurs internationally in many clinical disciplines. Diagnosis is also the basis of knowledge of the natural history of psychopathology and its treatment and therapy. Investigations into the nature and meaning of symptoms can helpfully focus on emerging disorders, of which gaming disorder is provided as an example.

scholarly journals Most of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-infecting isolates coexist, a condition that may impact clinical outcomes in Cystic Fibrosis patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Briaud ◽  
Sylvère Bastien ◽  
Laura Camus ◽  
Marie Boyadjian ◽  
Philippe Reix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
History Of

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus (SA) is the major colonizer of the lung of cystic fibrosis (CF) patient during childhood and adolescence. As patient aged, the prevalence of SA decreases and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) becomes the major pathogen infecting adult lungs. Nonetheless, SA remains significant and patients harbouring both SA and PA are frequently found in worldwide cohort. Impact of coinfection remains controversial. Furthermore, co-infecting isolates may compete or coexist. The aim of this study was to analyse if co-infection and coexistence of SA and PA could lead to worse clinical outcomes. The clinical and bacteriological data of 212 Lyon CF patients were collected retrospectively, and patients were ranked into three groups, SA only (n=112), PA only (n=48) or SA plus PA (n=52). In addition, SA and PA isolates from co-infecting patients were tested in vitro to define their interaction profile. Sixty five percent (n=34) of SA/PA pairs coexist. Using univariate and multivariate analysis, we confirm that SA patients have a clinical condition less severe than others, and PA induce a poor outcome independently of the presence of SA. FEV1 is lower in patients infected by competition strain pairs than in those infected by coexisting strain pairs compared to SA mono-infection. Coexistence between SA and PA may be an important step in the natural history of lung bacterial colonization within CF patients.

Redefining the Role of Experiment in Bacon's Natural History: How Baconian was Descartes before Emerging from His Cocoon?

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 158-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mădălina Giurgea ◽  
Laura Georgescu
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

AbstractIn this article we argue that the views that Francis Bacon and René Descartes held about the role of experiments in the process of discovery are closer than previously accepted. Looking at the way experiments and the heuristics of experimentation are embedded in Bacon's posthumous History of Dense and Rare and Descartes' Discourses 8, 9, 10 of the Meteorology, we will show that experiments help the investigator both in solving specific problems that could not have otherwise been foreseen and in generating relevant information that advances the scope of the investigation.

William Harold Pearsall, 1891-1964

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 511-540 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Botanical Society ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

William Harold Pearsall was born on 23 July 1891, at Stourbridge in Worcestershire. He came of an old Worcestershire family, some of whom ran into trouble in Cromwellian times because of their Royalist sympathies. He is said to have been the fourteenth bearer of the name William H. Pearsall. His father, William Harrison Pearsall, was a schoolmaster who moved to Dalton-in-Furness when Harold was quite a small boy to become headmaster of Broughton Road School. W. H. Pearsall senior was an excellent teacher, and Mrs T. G. Tutin writes: ‘When I was a schoolgirl in Barrow I knew people who had been pupils of the elder Pearsall in Dalton, and they still spoke of what a kind man and wonderful teacher he had been and how he had made them look at plants.’ He had very definite views on the way to bring up his own and other children. It was his belief that one should ‘never do for a child what a child can with reasonable effort do for itself’, and the playroom in the Pearsall house had a large printed notice bearing the three words THINK TRY ASK. Apart from his competence as a teacher he was also a good organist and trainer of choirs, a Methodist laypreacher and a first-class naturalist who devoted all his spare time to an intensive study of the natural history of the English Lakes. He was a member, and for a time Honorary Secretary, of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club (now the Botanical Society of the British Isles) and became a leading British expert on several genera of aquatic flowering plants and especially on the pondweeds, starworts and water buttercups, publishing many descriptions and keys. His key to British grasses was recently still in use at the Brathay Field Centre near Ambleside.

scholarly journals Natural history of non-bullous impetigo: A systematic review of time to resolution or improvement without antibiotic treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. bjgp20X714149
Author(s):  
Tammy Hoffmann ◽  
Ruwani Peiris ◽  
Paul Glasziou ◽  
Gina Cleo ◽  
Christopher Del Mar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
Randomised Trials ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Non-bullous impetigo is typically treated with antibiotics. However, the duration of symptoms without their use is not established which hampers informed decision-making about antibiotic use. Aim: To determine the natural history of non-bullous impetigo. Design and Setting: Systematic review. Method: We searched PubMed up to January 2020 and reference lists of articles identified in the search. Eligible studies involved participants with impetigo in either the placebo group of randomised trials or in single-group prognostic studies not using antibiotics and measured time to resolution or improvement. A modified version of a risk of bias assessment for prognostic studies was used. Outcomes were percentage of participants who, at any timepoint, had: i) symptom resolution, ii) symptom improvement, or iii) failed to improve. Adverse event data were also extracted. Results: Seven randomised trials (557 placebo group participants) were identified. At about 7 days, the percentage of participants classified as resolved ranged from 13% to 74% across the studies, whereas the percentage classified as ‘failure to improve’ ranged from 16% to 41%. The rate of adverse effects was low. Incomplete reporting of some details limited assessment of risk of bias. Conclusions: While some uncertainty around the natural history of non-bullous impetigo remains, symptoms resolve in some patients by about 7 days without using antibiotics, with about one-quarter of patients not improving. Immediate antibiotic use may not be mandatory and discussions with patients should include the expected course of untreated impetigo and careful consideration of the benefits and harms of antibiotic use.

Aπαθεια and Πρ&ogr;παθειαι in Early Modern Discussions of the Passions: Stoicism, Christianity and Natural History

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 230-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Kraye
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis paper examines the reception of the Stoic theory of the passions in the early modern period, highlighting various differences between the way notions such as απαθεια (complete freedom from passions) and πρ&ogr;παθειαι (pre-passions) were handled and interpreted by Continental and English authors. Both groups were concerned about the compatibility of Stoicism with Christianity, but came to opposing conclu- sions; and while the Continental scholars drew primarily on ancient philosophical texts, the English ones relied, in addition, on experience and observation, developing a natural history of the passions.

The Natural History of Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-85
Author(s):  
Paul K.J. Han
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medical Uncertainty ◽  
Management Of Uncertainty ◽  
The Way

Chapter 4 describes the natural history of medical uncertainty—that is, the way that the phenomenon is manifest in people’s lives. It classifies people’s psychological responses to uncertainty within two main categories: primary (initial cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses) and secondary (compensatory responses aimed at regulating primary responses). It presents a conceptual framework that classifies the variety of primary and secondary responses to uncertainty and discusses how the framework can help clinicians and patients evaluate and manage these responses. The ultimate goal of this framework is practical: to improve the management of uncertainty in medicine. The framework can promote this goal by enabling clinicians and patients to rise above their own regulatory responses to uncertainty and achieve greater tertiary control over them.

João Allen: Collecting the World: An Exhibition and Case Study of the First Private Museum in Portugal

Collections ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-297
Author(s):  
Laura Castro
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
The Political ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

João Allen (1781–1848) was a business man who collected antiques, curiosities, natural history, numismatics, archeological pieces, and fine arts. A trip to Italy in 1826–1827 was fundamental to his collection building, to the opening of the first private museum in Portugal, the Allen Museum in Porto (1837), and to the identity of one of Portugal’s most important museums, the Museu Nacional de Soares dos Reis created in 1833 under a different designation. Allen’s Grand Tour of Italy and his eclecticism were the cornerstone of the exhibition that took place in this museum in 2018. This article addresses the way in which the exhibition reflects the museum itself and recalls the formation of collections which are of great importance for the history of European museums due to what they reveal about the political and cultural circumstances of their times. Finally, we point out some possible developments concerning the permanent exhibition of the museum.

scholarly journals Incidence, healthcare-seeking behaviours, antibiotic use and natural history of common infection syndromes in England: results from the Bug Watch community cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Smith ◽  
◽  
Laura J. Shallcross ◽  
Peter Dutey-Magni ◽  
Anne Conolly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Healthcare Seeking ◽  
Symptom Reports ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Better information on the typical course and management of acute common infections in the community could inform antibiotic stewardship campaigns. We aimed to investigate the incidence, management, and natural history of a range of infection syndromes (respiratory, gastrointestinal, mouth/dental, skin/soft tissue, urinary tract, and eye). Methods Bug Watch was an online prospective community cohort study of the general population in England (2018–2019) with weekly symptom reporting for 6 months. We combined symptom reports into infection syndromes, calculated incidence rates, described the proportion leading to healthcare-seeking behaviours and antibiotic use, and estimated duration and severity. Results The cohort comprised 873 individuals with 23,111 person-weeks follow-up. The mean age was 54 years and 528 (60%) were female. We identified 1422 infection syndromes, comprising 40,590 symptom reports. The incidence of respiratory tract infection syndromes was two per person year; for all other categories it was less than one. 194/1422 (14%) syndromes led to GP (or dentist) consultation and 136/1422 (10%) to antibiotic use. Symptoms usually resolved within a week and the third day was the most severe. Conclusions Most people reported managing their symptoms without medical consultation. Interventions encouraging safe self-management across a range of acute infection syndromes could decrease pressure on primary healthcare services and support targets for reducing antibiotic prescribing.

scholarly journals Nie tylko kurs historii naturalnej. Księżnej Anny Jabłonowskiej zbiór „wszystkich przedmiotów dociekań rozumu człowieka”

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-160
Author(s):  
Iwona Arabas ◽  
Larysa Bondar ◽  
Lidia Czechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Natural History Collections ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Way

Not Only a Natural History Course. Duchess Anna Jabłonowska’s “Collection of All Objects of Human Reason Inquiries” One of the richest natural history collections in Europe at the end of the 18th century was the Cabinet of Natural History of Duchess Anna Jabłonowska née Sapieha (1728–1800) in Siemiatycze. In 1802, the collection was purchased by Tsar Alexander I and handed over to the University in Moscow (where it burned down in 1812). It was only possible to recreate the richness of the collection and the way it was taken over after the sales documents had been found in 2008 in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. However, some documents were illegible, and it was only in 2020 that the entire documentation was read. It revealed a completely different image of the collection than expected, as in one part the collection refers to cabinets of curiosities. The article is the first publication in Polish on Anna Jabłonowska’s “art cabinet”, with translations of the lists of exhibits by Count Stanisław Sołtyk (from French) and by V.M. Severgin and A.F. Sevastyanov (from Russian).

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