Рroblems of the Judicialprotecting the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Far East to Traditional Fisheries

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Yakunin D. V. ◽  
◽  
Khromin R. V. ◽  

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of protecting the right of indigenous peoples of the Far East to traditional fishing. To improve the legal regulation in this area, according to the author of the article, will allow the development of special procedures for resolving disputes with the participation of indigenous minorities, as well as amending the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the rules of traditional fishing for indigenous minorities.

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Andreyevna Zmyvalova

The preservation of the traditional livelihood of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North is one of the State’s policy priorities in the Russian Federation. This is declared in such documents as, inter alia, the Development Strategy of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and the National Security for the period up to 2020 and the Paper on the Sustainable Development of the Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of Russia for the period up to 2025. Fishing is one of the basic traditional practices for the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. Despite the legal recognition of the right to traditional fishing of indigenous peoples, the practical realization of this right is complicated. While analysing the current situation, the author attempts to shed some light on the reasons of the problematic realization of this right.


Author(s):  
Аnna А. Sharapova

Исследуются отдельные вопросы правового статуса коренных малочисленных народов Российской Федерации и примеры судебной практики оспаривания реализации правомочий представителями коренных народов. Автор приводит сравнительный анализ понятия «коренные народы» в международном праве, «коренные малочисленные народы», «коренные малочисленные народы Се-вера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока Российской Федерации» в российском праве, обосновывает необходимость применения Декларации Организации Объединенных Наций о правах коренных народов 2007 г. как акта непосредственного действия. В статье описана система правового регулирования статуса коренных малочисленных народов, сделан вывод о её многоуровневости и сложности. Автор отмечает практическую невозможность распространить действие названного международного акта на все коренные народы, населяющие территорию России. В работе исследуется судебная практика как судов общей юрисдикции, так и принятое в 2019 г. По-становление Конституционного Суда Российской Федерации № 21-П по делу гражданина Щукина Г. К. Автор делает вывод, что выведенный конституционно-правовой смысл статьи 19 Федерального закона «Об охоте и о сохранении охотничьих ресурсов», которая наряду с другими законами и подзаконными актами имеет значение для закрепления правового статуса коренных малочисленных народов, поможет не только единообразному применению названного закона, но и послужит образцом для распространения его на иные сферы традиционного природопользования общин коренных малочисленных народов, рыболовство, которые регулируются другими федеральными законами. Помимо проблем реализации правомочий, вытекающих из статуса коренных малочисленных народов, в судебном по-рядке зачастую устанавливается факт принадлежности к коренному народу в связи с отсутствием в Российской Федерации единого документа, подтверждающего национальность. В этой связи позитивным, по мнению автора, следует признать принятие 06.02.2020 изменений в Федеральный закон № 82-ФЗ «О гарантиях прав коренных малочисленных народов Российской Федерации», которые устанавливают централизованную систему учёта представителей коренных малочисленных народов РФ. Этот акт пока не вступил в силу, настоящая статья впервые описывает новеллы законодательства. The article explores certain issues of the legal status of the small indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation and examples of judicial practice in exercising indigenous rights. The author makes the comparative analysis of the concept «indigenous people» of international law, «indigenous small-numbered peoples», «indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation» in Russian law, proves the necessity of applying the United Nations Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples of 2007 (UNDRIP) as the act of direct action. The article describes the system of the legal regulation of the status of small-numbered indigenous peoples, the author concludes about its complexity. The author notes the practical impossibility of extending the application of the said international act to all indigenous peoples who inhabit the territory of Russia. The work examines the judicial practice of both the courts of general jurisdiction and the Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 21-P of 2019 in the case of citizen Schukin G.K. The author concludes that the constitutional and legal meaning of article 19 of the Federal Law "On Hunting and Conservation of Hunting Resources," which, together with other laws and regulations, is relevant to the legal status of small-numbered indigenous peoples, not only will the uniform application of the Act, but it will also serve as a model for extending to other areas of traditional environmental management of small-numbered indigenous communi-ties, fisheries regulated by the other federal laws. In addition to the problems of exercising the powers arising from the status of small-numbered indigenous peoples, the fact of belonging to an indigenous people is often established in court, because of the absence of the unified document confirming the nationality in the Russian Federation. In this regard as positive, according to the author, it is necessary to recognize acceptance on the 6th of February 2020 changes in federal law No. 82-FZ "About guarantees of the rights", which install the centralized system of accounting of representatives of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the Russian Federation. This act has not yet entered into force, but this article for the first time describes the innovations of the legislation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
I. S. Khvan ◽  

Development institutions are an important modern instrument of government regulation of the economy in all developed countries. The system of development institutions of the Russian Federation includes the federal and regional development institutions. Key federal development institutions include such well-known state corporations as the investment fund of the Russian Federation; the State Corporation "Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Activity (Vnesheconombank)"; the state corporation "Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies," etc. According to experts of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, about 200 regional development institutions operate on the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The objectives of this extensive system of development institutions so far have been to overcome the so-called "market failures," which cannot be optimally realized by the market mechanisms, and to promote the sustained economic growth of a country or an individual region. In November 2020, the Government of the Russian Federation announced the reform of the system of development institutions in the country. The article analyzes the goals and main directions of the announced reform. On the example of the system of development institutions of the Far East, an attempt was made to assess its possible consequences.


2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
M. N. Zinyatova ◽  
◽  
Ye.A. Kleymenov ◽  

On the basis of quantitative and qualitative expert sociological surveys, the article presents a model of anti-corruption education in Russia. This model is formed by seven main elements: basis, principles, subjects, objects, methods and means, content of materials (semantic orientation), indicators of the effectiveness of anti-corruption education. Comparing the obtained sociological data characterizing these elements with the corresponding elements of the anti-corruption mechanism enshrined in the current regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the authors identified a number of inconsistencies. They concern, first of all, the principles, subjects of implementation of anti-corruption education, as well as indicators for assessing its effectiveness. For example, experts suggest using non-statutory principles of financial support and standardization of materials presented in the framework of such education when conducting anti-corruption education. At the same time, for the optimization of management decisions in the field of anti-corruption education, scientific and practical interest and contradictions identified within the obtained sociological data are of interest. Such contradictions are most clearly traced in relation to the subjects and objects of anti-corruption education.


Author(s):  
Вячеслав Константинович Гусяков ◽  
Владимир Андреевич Кихтенко ◽  
Леонид Борисович Чубаров ◽  
Юрий Иванович Шокин

В работе идет речь о реализации методики вероятностного цунамирайонирования побережья, известной под названием PTHA (Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment), для создания обзорных карт цунамиопасности дальневосточного побережья России. Обсуждаются методологические основы такого подхода, проблемы построения сейсмотектонических моделей основных цунамигенных зон, численные методики получения расчетных каталогов высот волн на побережье. Приведены примеры обзорных карт для различных повторяемостей, построенных с применением методики PTHA и представленных с помощью созданного веб-приложения WTMap. Упоминаются также некоторые проблемы применения методики PTHA, связанные как с недостаточностью данных наблюдений, так и со сложностью выполнения большого объема сценарного численного моделирования. The article describes the results of the implementation of the PTHA (Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment) methodology for creating the overview maps of tsunami hazard for the Far East coast of the Russian Federation. Such maps show the characteristics of the catastrophic impact of tsunami waves on the coast and the probability of their exceeding in a given period of time. The methodological basis of the PTHA approach to the assessment of tsunami hazard, the problems of constructing seismotectonic models of the main tsunamigenic zones, mathematical models and algorithms for calculating probability estimates of tsunami danger are discussed. The version of the PTHA methodology outlined in the article is implemented as a “WTmap” Web-application that has an access to the entire observational information related to coastal tsunami zoning and software packages used. The application allows to obtain the estimates of the expected tsunami heights and their recurrence estimates and to map them on specific parts of the Far Eastern coast of the Russian Federation. The obtained estimates can be quickly recalculated when replacing the observational catalogs with more complete and reliable ones, with the addition of new, previously absent events or the revision of their parameters, as well as the results of new scenario calculations. Examples of overview maps for various recurrence intervals, constructed using the PTHA methodology and presented using the “WTMap” application, are given. Some problems of using the PTHA methodology related to the lack of available observational data and to the complexity of performing a large amount of scenario simulations are also discussed.


Author(s):  
О. V. Popova

The pre-emptive right to purchase and sell agricultural land by the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the maximum size of agricultural land plots, the allocation of shares among rural residents and some other features of agricultural legislation are restrictions on the realization of the right of rural residents to own land. The lack of adequate infrastructure in rural areas, especially in the Far East that fall under the Far Eastern Hectare project, is also seen as an obstacle for rural residents to exercise their right to land.


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