scholarly journals Drug Nicknaming in Western Algeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Zohra Labed
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Western Algeria ◽  
Present Setting

Illegal drug consumption is a long-run issue with a worldwide apprehension. Drug abusers identify themselves differently to remain far from public appearance and escape court institutions. Nicknaming drugs and their different types and forms constitute one way of drug abusing concealment and disguisement. Nicknaming involves a variety of practices that acquire full of positive and/ or negative connotations in society over time. Social practices carry cultural values that shape the nickname giver’s perception of the nickname bearer, a fact that can be reflected in the way the nickname is chosen within various fields. Nickname givers are alone responsible for allocating the exclusionary or inclusionary character to the nickname bearer. The present paper seeks to examine and analyse the various nicknames attributed to diverse types of such psychotropic substances by the Algerians with special reference to the west of multilingual and diglossic Algerian speech community. More particularly, how are drugs nicknamed in western Algeria? Which language varieties are involved in such nicknaming? Why are illegal drugs nicknamed at all? The findings at hand assign nicknames to physicality, mannerism, experience and/ or linguistic adjustments. Drug nicknaming nomenclature under study makes up importantly drug consumers’ secret language in the present setting.

Stability of On-Line Bin Packing with Random Arrivals and Long-Run-Average Constraints

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coastas Courcobetis ◽  
Richard Weber
Keyword(s):  
Bin Packing ◽  
Random Processes ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
On Line ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Uniformly Bounded

Items of various types arrive at a bin-packing facility according to random processes and are to be combined with other readily available items of different types and packed into bins using one of a number of possible packings. One might think of a manufacturing context in which randomly arriving subassemblies are to be combined with subassemblies from an existing inventory to assemble a variety of finished products. Packing must be done on-line; that is, as each item arrives, it must be allocated to a bin whose configuration of packing is fixed. Moreover, it is required that the packing be managed in such a way that the readily available items are consumed at predescribed rates, corresponding perhaps to optimal rates for manufacturing these items. At any moment, some number of bins will be partially full. In practice, it is important that the packing be managed so that the expected number of partially full bins remains uniformly bounded in time. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for this goal to be realized and describe an algorithm to achieve it.

scholarly journals Energy Prices, Real Estate Sales and Industrial Output in China

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chau ◽  
Gaolu Zou
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
Energy Efficient Buildings ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short Run

A majority of energy is consumed to control the indoor environment for human activities and industrial production. The demand for energies for these two uses are reflected in demand for different types of real estate and the volume of industrial outputs. The purpose of this study is to examine the long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamics between real energy prices and demand for different types of real estate and industrial output in China. Energy prices are measured in the real price of fuels and power. Demand for different types of real estate is measured in their sales volume in the first hand market, that is, floor areas of new real estate sold by developers. Industrial output is measured by the net output (value added) of the industrial sector. All data series were tested for stationarity (i.e., the existence of a unit root) before testing for a co-integration relationship. We found no long-term equilibrium relationship between energy prices and the demand for real estate and industrial output as predicted by theory, probably due to increased supply of energy efficient buildings. There is also no short-run relationship between energy prices and demand for housing due to the increase in vacancy rate resulting from speculative demand for housing. However, demand for commercial properties appeared to lead energy prices. Finally, there is strong evidence suggesting that an increase in energy prices will significantly reduce industrial output but not vice versa.

scholarly journals The importance of knowledge for wellbeing of society in the contemporary world

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1136-1159
Author(s):  
Dusan Markovic ◽  
Mrdjan Mladjan
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
Long Run ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Following the recent wave of globalization, the possession of different types of knowledge became even more important for economic development than the possession of physical resources. The ability of a society to adopt existing and create new knowledge thus gained fundamental importance for its wellbeing. In this paper, we identify important aspects of the relationship between education, creation of knowledge, economic growth, as well as both material and immate?rial wellbeing of a society. We describe potential problems that prevent societies from maximizing the benefit from the effort its members invest in acquiring knowledge. The problems of failure of the national markets for education as well as the global migrations which lead to drain of knowledge towards economically highly developed countries are especially analyzed. In the long run, they lead to a decline in both national competitiveness and different aspects of the immate?rial wellbeing. As the basis for solving these problems we propose a combination of economic theory and the concept of solidarity between more and less devel?oped countries, individuals and societies of their origin, respecting the free will of individuals.

scholarly journals CREATING SOCIOCULTURAL VALUES: THE PROBLEM OF LOCALIZATION IN THE URBAN SPACE

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Юрий Владимирович Преображенский
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Effective Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Positive Effect

Рассмотрен вопрос о сущности социокультурного пространства и его пересечении с экономическим пространством города. Показано, что наиболее эффективная организация пространственного взаимодействия данных пространств во многом является географической задачей. Предлагается метод изучения социальных практик населения для локализации точек и линий взаимодействия социокультурной и экономической сфер. Рассмотрены практики, в ходе которых создаются социокультурные ценности, положительно влияющие на экономическое пространство города. Обсуждается проблема влияния пешеходных пространств (наиболее насыщенных практиками) на формирование имиджа города. The question of the essence of the socio-cultural space and its intersection with the economic space of the city is considered. It is shown that the most effective organization of the spatial interaction of these spaces is in many ways a geographic task. A method is proposed for studying the social practices of the population to localize points and lines of interaction between the socio-cultural and economic spheres. The practice is considered in the course of which socio-cultural values are created that have a positive effect on the economic space of the city. The problem of the influence of pedestrian spaces (the most saturated with practices) on the formation of the city's image is discussed.

Bridging the Gap between Citizens and Decision-Makers

2010 ◽  
pp. 573-586
Author(s):  
Karamagioli Evika
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness

Over the past few years the concepts of government and governance have been dramatically transformed. Not only is this due to increasing pressures and expectations that the way we are governed should reflect modern methods of efficiency and effectiveness, but also that government should be more open to democratic accountability. The following chapter will introduce the social impact dimension of e-democracy while proposing concrete directions and incentives that should be provided for engagement through electronic means. The intention is to highlight the fact that technology is the result of a combination of tools, social practices, social organizations, and cultural meanings. It not only represents social arrangements, but also has the potential to facilitate and / or limit different types of interaction.

scholarly journals Language Contact and Morphosyntactic Complexity: Evidence from German

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Maitz ◽  
Attila Németh
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Linguistic Complexity ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Corpus Data

The article focuses on the hypothesis that the structural complexity of languages is variable and historically changeable. By means of a quantitative statistical analysis of naturalistic corpus data, the question is raised as to what role language contact and adult second language acquisition play in the simplification and complexification of language varieties. The results confirm that there is a significant correlation between intensity of contact and linguistic complexity, while at the same time showing that there is a need to consider other social factors, and, in particular, the attitude of a speech community toward linguistic norms.*

Co-selection phenomena across New Englishes

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Nesselhauf
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Different Types

Similarities of the phraseology of institutionalized second language varieties and foreign learner varieties have gone almost completely unnoticed so far. In this paper, different types of co-selection phenomena are examined across ESL and EFL varieties on the basis of the ICE-corpora of Kenyan, Indian, Singaporean, and Jamaican English and of ICLE, the International Corpus of Learner English. Among the features investigated are the use of competing collocations such as play a role and play a part, the noun complementation of collocations (HAVE + INTENTION + of -ing vs. to + infinitive), and non-L1 (or “new”) prepositional verbs such as comprise of, demand for or emphasize on. The exploration shows that many co-selection phenomena do indeed recur not only across individual institutionalized L2 varieties but also across the two variety types. Certain kinds of language-internal irregularities in the phraseology of Standard English are shown to be a major reason for the observed parallels

The Audit Market Dynamics in a Mandatory Joint Audit Setting: The French Experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamya Kermiche ◽  
Charles Piot
Keyword(s):  
Market Concentration ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Audit System ◽  
Audit Market ◽  
Big 4 ◽  
Long Run ◽  
French Experience ◽  
Economic Support ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Potential Benefits

Policy makers in France have considered joint audits as a solution to mitigate the audit market concentration and the “systemic” risk associated with Big 4 auditors. We implement a Markovian analysis where audit clients chose between different types of combinations across Big 4 and smaller auditors. Our main findings support the view that the French joint audit system is effective in maintaining market openness and in mitigating the Big 4 domination in the long run. An investigation of the determinants driving changes in joint audit combinations suggests little economic support in favor of two Big 4 combinations, whereas changes in audit clients’ agency costs (e.g., higher ownership concentration) tend to explain the performance of mixed and two non-Big 4 combinations. Overall, this study supports the European Commission’s position on the potential benefits of joint audits in mitigating the market concentration; it also suggests that it might not be necessary to impose mixed joint audits to achieve that objective.

scholarly journals Fluctuation of Firm Size in the Long-Run and Bimodal Distribution

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Aoyama ◽  
Lars Grüne ◽  
Willi Semmler ◽  
Yoshi Fujiwara ◽  
Wataru Souma
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Time Distribution ◽  
Decision Problem ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Firm Size Distribution ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types

We study empirically and analytically growth and fluctuation of firm size distribution. An empirical analysis is carried out on a US data set on firm size, with emphasis on one-time distribution as well as growth-rate probability distribution. Both Pareto's law and Gibrat's law are often used to study firm size distribution. Their theoretical relationship is discussed, and it is shown how they are complementable with a bimodal distribution of firm size. We introduce economic mechanisms that suggest a bimodal distribution of firm size in the long run. The mechanisms we study have been known in the economic literature since long. Yet, they have not been studied in the context of a dynamic decision problem of the firm. Allowing for these mechanism thus will give rise to heterogeneity of firms with respect to certain characteristics. We then present different types of tests on US data on firm size which indicate a bimodal distribution of firm size.

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