scholarly journals K počátkům kutnohorské ražby tolarů Maxmiliána II. v roce 1573 / Notes to the beginning of the thaler production under Maximilian II in Kuttenberg in 1573

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
Eduard Šimek
Keyword(s):  
Monetary System

The year 1573 undoubtedly represents one of the most important milestones in the Bohemian monetary history before the Thirty Years War. After many comments of various specialists and the ordinary public on the monetary code issued by Ferdinand I in 1561 (thalers of 28.93 g with quality of 895/1000 were replaced by 60-kreuzers of 24.62 g with quality of 931/1000), production of thalers and other denominations of the previous Bohemian monetary system (1547) was restored. Renewed production of the thalers and their fractions is documented by the Kuttenberg coin registers summarized in fourteen weekly reports between May and August 1573. At that time, 49,582 thalers, 7,480 half thalers and 4,369 quarter thalers were struck in the mint. Some 1,520 kg of minting metal (silver with admixture) were used. High priority production of the highest silver denominations was characteristic for the period when the 60-kreuzers were replaced by the newly re-introduced thalers.

State and Coinage in the Late Republic and Early Empire

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lo Cascio
Keyword(s):  
Striking Feature ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Monetary System

From the time of the introduction of the denarius system onwards, Roman currency gradually spread over all, or nearly all, the regions under Roman rule, in the wake of their progressive integration into the Empire. Partly, the denarius replaced previous currencies, partly it brought about the monetization of areas not yet monetized. It was therefore the most striking feature, and indeed the logical premise, of the economic unification of the Empire (in so far as one can speak of such a unification). Until the Severan age, the Roman monetary system remained stable, notwithstanding the widening of the area it covered and the various changes it underwent—the introduction of new denominations and new metals, the retariffing of some elements in relation to each other, the transformation of the physical quality of the coins, for instance through debasement: in fact, there were no sudden and considerable rises of prices and Roman currency almost always enjoyed automatic confidence.

scholarly journals Politica monetaria, prezzo degli asset e ciclo immobiliare

2021 ◽  
pp. 361-379
Author(s):  
Gaetano Elnekave
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Asset Prices ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
Credit Expansion ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Asset Bubble

Asset prices depend on monetary policy of credit expansion. This mechanism is the trigger of economics cycle (boom and bust) that eventually leads the production structure to get narrower and to capital destruction. CBs have a dilemma: after an asset bubble explosion, doing again with policy of credit expansion (the same that produced the cycle) to fight de-flationary effects, above all in banks balance sheets, or trying to prevent the asset bubble explosion throughout QE policies, endangering real economy with inflationist pressures. That is a dilemma without solution. The solution is the elimination of CBs, the return to real money in a free market environment, with an unadulterated gold standard and the respect of traditional principles of contract in the banking sector. We need study the monetary system in terms of quality of money and not according the Quantity Theory of Money. Key words: Monetary Policy, Asset Prices, Asset Bubbles, Business Cycles, Housing Market, Quality of Money vs Quantity of Money. JEL Classification: E2, E21, E3, E32; E42, E5, E52, R31. Resumen: Los precios de los activos dependen de la política monetaria de expansión. Éste mecanismo es el desencadenante del ciclo económico que lleva a un estrechamiento de la estructura productiva y a la destrucción de los bienes de capital. Los bancos centrales se encuentran frente a un dilema: tras la explosión de la burbuja, o actuar con políticas de expansión para evitar las consecuencias de la deflación monetaria en particular sobre los balances de los bancos, o intentar evitar la explosión de la burbuja con más inyección de crédito, pero con el peligro de inflación de los precios en la economía real. Se trata de un dilema sin solución. La solución para eliminar los ciclos es la desaparición de los bancos centrales, el retorno a la «mo - neda-sana», al libre mercado, al patrón oro y al respeto de los principios tradicionales del derecho en el sector bancario. El análisis hay que efectuarlo no en terminos de la cantidad ideal de dinero, sino en terminos de la «ca-lidad» del mismo. Palabras clave: Política Monetaria, Precios de los Activos, Burbujas, Ciclos Económicos, Mercado Inmobiliario, Calidad de la Moneda vs Cantidad de la Moneda. Clasificación JEL: E2, E21, E3, E32; E42, E5, E52, R31.

scholarly journals Rule of Law: Its Impact on Quality of Life

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Noor Farihah Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The Rich

Quality of life has very much to do with justice. Even though justice is hard to define but the basic idea remains that what is right is good and what is oppressive, is bad. So applying the same formula to all set of circumstances be it economy, social, and politics, will invigorate justice. The failure of world monetary system due to the crave for money and power has led the seekers to abuse and oppress the weaklings. The govt, financial institutions and commercial industries are no exception. Since justice is seen as obstacles to fast money and power, accountability have been regarded as a nuisance and justice is sidestepped and suppressed. Notion of Rule of Law emerge due to the need to address all these wrongdoings. Thus this paper seeks to discuss the problem underlying the situation and the means of overcoming it. One way is by imposing accountability and Rule of Law. Closely related to this issue too is the quality of life. Despite the increase standard of living; we still witnessed the glaring economic disparity between the rich and poor countries. Do this indicator project better living standard? Or it is measured from the view of the rich and the elite only? Hence this paper seeks to discuss that to implement justice there must be distribution of wealth and resources. What sensible person would deem as right, thus good. Apart from the western system that promotes Rule of Law, what is just and unjust has been clearly underlined by Islam. Man become just when they are able to restrict themselves from oppressing and tormenting others and Islam provide complete guidance to the existing crisis we faced now. Nevertheless we saw failures everywhere. They are due to the refusal of the followers to follow it, not the fault of the religion. It is attributed by their ignorance. This paper is important to show economy and social as well as quality of life devoid of justice stemming from manipulative capitalism and greed, are unsustainable and destructive. Unless and until this is understood, economic, political, environmental and social imbalances will never subside.

scholarly journals Measuring the Quality of Money

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Žukauskas
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Demand For Money ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Separate Channel

This article explains the theoretical importance of the quality of money as a factor of the demand for money and develops the composite indicator that measures the quality of money for the eurozone. The demand for money, i.e., the amount of money people keep in their balances, besides other well-known factors (e.g., interest rate, price level, and income) depends on how people subjectively perceive a particular money’s ability to serve its main functions: a medium of exchange, a store of value, and the unit of account. These properties depend not only on the instruments of monetary policy and the extent to which they are used, but also on the institutional framework of the monetary system. The article suggests that the quality of money is influenced by the institutional framework and monetary policy and that thus the quality of money is a separate channel for the transmission of money policy that works not through the usual mechanism of changing the supply of money, but through central banks affecting the demand for money. An important contribution of this article is that it develops an empirical composite indicator, which measures the quality of money in the eurozone in 1999–2019 and shows the gradual decline in the quality of euro.

scholarly journals Rule of Law: Its Impact on Quality of Life

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Noor Farihah Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Economic Disparity ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The Rich

Quality of life has very much to do with justice. Even though justice is hard to define but the basic idea remains that what is right is good and what is oppressive, is bad. So applying the same formula to all set of circumstances be it economy, social, and politics, will invigorate justice. The failure of world monetary system due to the crave for money and power has led the seekers to abuse and oppress the weaklings. The govt, financial institutions and commercial industries are no exception. Since justice is seen as obstacles to fast money and power, accountability have been regarded as a nuisance and justice is sidestepped and suppressed. Notion of Rule of Law emerge due to the need to address all these wrongdoings. Thus this paper seeks to discuss the problem underlying the situation and the means of overcoming it. One way is by imposing accountability and Rule of Law. Closely related to this issue too is the quality of life. Despite the increase standard of living; we still witnessed the glaring economic disparity between the rich and poor countries. Do this indicator project better living standard? Or it is measured from the view of the rich and the elite only? Hence this paper seeks to discuss that to implement justice there must be distribution of wealth and resources. What sensible person would deem as right, thus good. Apart from the western system that promotes Rule of Law, what is just and unjust has been clearly underlined by Islam. Man become just when they are able to restrict themselves from oppressing and tormenting others and Islam provide complete guidance to the existing crisis we faced now. Nevertheless we saw failures everywhere. They are due to the refusal of the followers to follow it, not the fault of the religion. It is attributed by their ignorance. This paper is important to show economy and social as well as quality of life devoid of justice stemming from manipulative capitalism and greed, are unsustainable and destructive. Unless and until this is understood, economic, political, environmental and social imbalances will never subside.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

Observability of Very Thick Specimen by Using Transmission Scanning Electron Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
K. Shibatomi ◽  
T. Yamanoto ◽  
H. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thick Specimen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the observation of a thick specimen by means of a transmission electron microscope, the intensity of electrons passing through the objective lens aperture is greatly reduced. So that the image is almost invisible. In addition to this fact, it have been reported that a chromatic aberration causes the deterioration of the image contrast rather than that of the resolution. The scanning electron microscope is, however, capable of electrically amplifying the signal of the decreasing intensity, and also free from a chromatic aberration so that the deterioration of the image contrast due to the aberration can be prevented. The electrical improvement of the image quality can be carried out by using the fascionating features of the SEM, that is, the amplification of a weak in-put signal forming the image and the descriminating action of the heigh level signal of the background. This paper reports some of the experimental results about the thickness dependence of the observability and quality of the image in the case of the transmission SEM.

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