scholarly journals Microbial Air Samplers for Meaningful Cleanroom Environmental Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Airborne Microbes ◽  
Efficiency Test

Airborne microbiological concentrations within pharmaceutical cleanrooms are determined by sampling and to maximise the detection of any airborne microbes, it is essential that the sampling is undertaken in locations where there is greatest contamination risk using air samplers that have a verified and appropriate performance. Sampler performance can be assessed by review of both the physical and biological collection efficiencies that are determined by testing. The physical collection efficiency is the ability to collect particles of various sizes and the biological collection efficiency assesses the collection of viable microbes that includes the losses caused by the physical collection efficiency and the detrimental effect that the sampling has on the viability of the captured microbes. Due to the limitations of the established biological collection efficiency test method, this efficiency is only determined for microbes of sub-micron size which are not representative of the larger microbe-carrying particles typically present with cleanrooms. Samplers with a low physical collection efficiency for sub-micron particles are likely to have a poor performance when this test method is utilised and in an attempt to remove this bias from the testing the ‘biological efficiency’, is often reported. This is a measure of the likelihood that any captured microbes would survive, but is often mistaken for the biological collection efficiency and samplers may be utilised in the false belief that they have an appropriate performance. This article provides information regarding air sampler performance testing and reviews the test results reported by the same independent specialist testing company, therefore negating issues resulting from different testing methods, for three different air samplers. The results that are used to determine the ‘biological efficiency’ are examined to provide information relating to the biological collection efficiency of each sampler and to also provide additional information relating to the physical collection efficiency. Improvements to enhance the air sampler testing procedures, to enable a better direct comparison of the performance of different samplers, are suggested.

scholarly journals Performance Test of a Household Rocket Stoves Fired with Coconut Frond, Coconut Shell and Bamboo

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Almuzakkir . ◽  
Muhammad . ◽  
Adi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
A Value

Fuel is something that is very important in everyday life. Almost every human being needs fuel to meet their needs and support their activities, for example cooking in household needs. Currently, fossil fuels or fuel oil (BBM) are still widely used to meet demand, however, it should be noted that fossil fuels or fuel oil (BBM) are non-renewable natural resources. The biomass rocket stove is one of the modern stove innovations that uses biomass energy as the main energy source. Rocket stoves are designed to increase fuel efficiency with thermal efficiency, a combination of the increased combustion efficiency and heat transfer associated with burning briquette fuel. The purpose of this research is to design and manufacture rocket stove fired with coconut and bamboo biomass for household needs as well as developing methods and equipment for performance testing of rocket stoves. In this study, several steps were carried out, including designing a rocket furnace, selecting biomass fuel and testing the performance of a rocket furnace. From the design of the biomass stove, it is noteworthy that the design with two holes makes the combustion air easily enters and makes combustion in the furnace more perfect and efficient. Water boiling test using three types of solid fuels with the cold start condition suggested that the highest thermal efficiency was coconut fronds with a value of 38% and the lowest thermal efficiency was found from coconut shell combustion, i.e. 22%. During hot start test, the highest thermal efficiency was obtained from coconut fronds firing with a value of 41%. Moreover, with simmer water boiling test method, firing the rocket stove with coconut fronds showed the highest thermal efficiency with a value of 37%. Keywords: Rocket Stoves, Coconut Fronds and Shells, Bamboo, Thermal Efficiency, .Water Boiling Tests.

scholarly journals Performance Testing of HTHP Electrostatic Precipitator at NYU PFBC Facility

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Radhakrishnan ◽  
P. K. Gounder ◽  
S. Kavidass ◽  
V. Zakkay ◽  
R. Dellefield
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Electrostatic Precipitator ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Dust Collection ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Dust Collection Efficiency

NYU has an ongoing research program which is being funded by DOE to test three types of high-pressure, high-temperature filters. The main objectives of the testing program are: (1) to establish the performance capability of the filters under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions; and (2) to evaluate the dust collection efficiency. Shakedown tests for a duration of about 50 hours was completed during October 1986. Testing of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is in progress. The first test with ESP was performed during the middle of November 1986. The operating experience with respect to the test facility, and in particular with the particulate sampling systems, is reported in this paper. Additionally, some test results are also discussed.

scholarly journals The influence of an applied standard test method on a measurement of concrete stabilized secant modulus of elasticity

2018 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 07001
Author(s):  
Lucyna Domagała ◽  
Justyna Dobrowolska
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Lightweight Aggregate ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Secant Modulus ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Standard Test Method ◽  
The Difference

The paper focuses on the influence of the standard test method applied to determine the concrete stabilized secant modulus on a specified value. The new European Standard EN 12390-13 for testing hardened concrete accepts two methods (A and B) for the determination of the secant modulus of elasticity in compression. The aim of the research was to establish how different testing procedures affect a measured value of modulus of elasticity. Four structural concrete series: two lightweight aggregate concretes and two normal-weight ones were subject to tests of moduli of elasticity determined by both standard methods, as well as compressive strength and density. The carried out tests revealed that the procedure of testing modulus of elasticity influenced a measured value. Method A led to higher values of modulus in relation to Method B, irrespective of concrete density and strength. Nevertheless, a certain relationship between the concrete structure homogeneity and the difference in results of moduli determined by both methods may be observed.

An ENOB Evaluation Method for an Acquisition Channel

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1950185
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Zengshou Dong
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
Dc Component

Three-parameter and four-parameter sine-wave fitting algorithms are powerful tools for estimating the parameters of the excited single-tone sine-wave for ADC. In the dynamic performance testing processes of instruments, the angle frequency, amplitude, phase and dc component of the input sine-wave are all unknown, so the fitting procedure is nonlinear. This paper proposes and analyzes a test method based on iteration Interpolated Discrete Fourier Transform (IpDFT) and sine-wave fitting method for evaluating the effective number of bit (ENOB) of the acquisition channel. Mathematical expressions of the Least-square fitting residual error and the proposed ENOB evaluation based on iteration IpDFT method are derived. These expressions are then particularized for acquisition circuit output noise composed of single-tone and additive white noise. Simulation results show that the DFT-based golden section searching algorithm (DGSSA) is an effective algorithm under coherent and non-coherent sampling conditions. The accuracy of the derived expressions and estimated parameters are verified through both the computer simulations and experimental results.

scholarly journals Developing a Fuzzy Logic Based on Demand Multicast Routing Protocol

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Shams Shafigh ◽  
Kamran Abdollahi ◽  
Marjan Kouchaki
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Multicast Routing ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Control Packet ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Control Overhead ◽  
Multicast Routing Protocol

Multicast routing is an efficient method to lead data packets from one source group to several nodes as destination group. Although multicast routing algorithms could be efficient in many situations but their routing mechanism like as route request flooding packets likely results in poor performance in comparison to unicast routing algorithms. In this research, two efficient methods are proposed to improve the performance of On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP). The main proposed method tries to establish a small, efficient, and high-quality forwarding group. This is achieved by augmenting the Join Query packets with additional information such as speed, power level of node, and link bandwidths. Besides, the control overhead is further reduced by restricting the domain of control packet flooding (by restricting the domain of control packet flooding). The performance evaluation shows that the proposed scheme increases the packet delivery rate by up to 40%, while reducing average end-to-end delay and consumed power by about 35% and 45%, respectively.

Shock Absorbing Characteristics of Floors Used for Dance Exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Francis ◽  
Michael Leigh ◽  
Aldis Berzins
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Acceleration Time ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Acceleration Time Histories ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Additional Procedure

The Standardized Test Method for Shock-Absorbing Properties of Playing Surface Systems and Materials (ASTM F-355) was used to evaluate the shock absorbing characteristics of 13 floors used for dance exercise. Acceleration-time histories indicated that the floors differed markedly in their shock absorbing behavior. The complex nature of the acceleration-time histories led to the conclusion that descriptors that have previously been used to quantify shock absorbing data were inadequate for the floors examined in this investigation. An additional procedure was devised in order to examine potentially injurious stresses on a performer while executing a common dance exercise movement performed on each of the 13 floors tested. It was concluded that the two testing procedures evaluated differing aspects of the shock absorbing mechanisms involved in dance exercise. However, a tentative relationship between the two corresponding data sets provided some support for the retention of ASTM F-355 as a reproducible test for the shock absorbing characteristics of floors.

Performance Test for Nanometer Accuracy Capacitance Displacement Sensor

2014 ◽  
Vol 609-610 ◽  
pp. 898-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Jun Cui ◽  
Xing Hua Qu ◽  
Yan Hui Kang
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Capacitive Sensor ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Displacement Sensor ◽  
Capacitance Sensor ◽  
Measurement Capability ◽  
Linearity Test ◽  
Better Than

In checking to see the performance of the nanometer accuracy capacitive sensor, some parameters, such as, the linearity, repeatability and so on are presented as the characterization parameters. Firstly, the series of test method and test devices is designed to measure and evaluate these parameters of a capacitance sensor. Secondly, the measuring setup is consisted by the traceable laser interferometer with high accuracy and nanometer micro-motion system. Finally, in order to meet the displacement linearity test, the measuring method is in line with the Abbe principle. Experimental results indicate that this approach and setup can realize in the best reference line to the minimum linearity is better than 0.01%, repeatability is better than that of 3.5nm, resolution is less than 0.3nm, measurement capability is more unwavering than 3nm. It can satisfy the measurement requirements of capacitance sensor performance testing with nanometer accuracy.

Electronic Current Transformer Test Method Research

2014 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 310-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Shu Jiang ◽  
Xu Yu ◽  
Han Jie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Error ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Current Transformer ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Electronic Current Transformer ◽  
Electronic Current ◽  
Testing Technology ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Rogowski Coils

With the extensive use of electronic current transformer, check the original method cannot meet the requirements of electronic current transformer performance testing technology. In 500 kV Jincheng a variable electronic current transformer as the test object, the principle and design characteristics of electronic current transformer, proposes an effective test method, ratio and through field test of low power coils and Rogowski coils 2 coil error, phase error and polarity, verify the validity and accuracy of the method.

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