HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT PERSONAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF HUMAN AND CITIZEN

Author(s):  
Тамила Магомедовна Нинциева

В настоящее время вопросы прав человека и равенства вновь начали широко обсуждаться, привлекая внимание всего общества. В данной статье рассматриваются отдельные этапы становления и развития представлений о личных правах и свободах человека и гражданина в различные исторические периоды. currently, human rights and equality issues have again begun to be widely discussed, attracting the attention of the whole society. this article discusses the individual stages of the formation and development of ideas about personal rights and freedoms of man and citizen in various historical periods.

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-365
Author(s):  
Evgeny I. Zelenev ◽  
Milana Iliushina

This article is devoted to the study of the development of the theory and practice of jihad during the rule of the Circassian sultans in Egypt and Syria (1382–1517). The purpose of the study is to trace the development of key aspects of jihad, to identify features of its perception in the Mamluk state. An essential feature of the theory of jihad in the Mamluk period is the interpretation of jihad as farḍ al-ʿayn (the individual duty of every Muslim). While studying the theory of jihad, the authors rely on a holistic and balanced approach justified in the papers of M. Bonner and D. Cook and their interpretation of the concept of jihad, which has a centuries-old history of development and a sophisticated, multi-layered set of meanings. Another methodological basis of the present paper was the concept of minimalism and maximalism, developed by Yusef Waghid. The source base for the study of jihad theory is the works of Ibn al-Nahhas (d. 1411), a prominent philosopher of the Mamluk era. The interpretation of jihad as an individual duty of every Muslim, substantiated by Ibn al-Nahhas, was the foundation of the volunteer movement that developed in Egypt and Syria in the 15th century. The doctrine of jihad where the concepts of justice (al-‘adl) and truth (al-ḥaqq) play a key role, was used by the Mamluks and then by the Ottomans as a powerful ideological tool to manipulate the minds of Muslims. The relevance of the study is that the findings are not only true for the Middle Ages but are directly related to the present.


Author(s):  
Vera Bermingham ◽  
Carol Brennan

Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. The Calcutt Committee Report on Privacy and Related Matters (1990) defines privacy as ‘the right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs, or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information’. While a number of different torts indirectly address wrongful intrusion into another’s privacy, English law has not directly protected privacy in its own right. It was the Human Rights Act 1998 that has made it possible to use breach of confidence in regulating the publication of private information. This chapter looks at the history of the protection of privacy in English law, discusses the current legal approaches to privacy, examines the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on this developing area of law, and evaluates English law on privacy in an international context.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-119
Author(s):  
Vladislav Tolstykh

The author claims that the concept of human rights arose on European soil as a result of certain cultural, political, and economic factors. Its primary base is formed by Christian ideas, secularized with the dissolution of feudalism and the spread of capitalism. In particular, this concept synthesized the Christian ideas of God’s likeness of man and the omnipresence of God: being god-like, man, like God, may be present in all things, though not in all at once. The main beneficiary was the bourgeoisie, who used personal rights to destroy feudal institutions, political rights to establish control over the state, and economic and social rights to mitigate class contradictions and distract their opponents. The religious origin of rights is the key to understanding their important features such as the absence of logical basis for human rights; helplessness of the law in front of acts that undermine the foundations of order and are marked as acts of self-realization; extraordinary diversity of rights, etc. There are several directions of human rights criticism (conservative, moderateliberal, Marxist and Christian). All of them assume that human rights neither adequately reflect human nature, nor take into account some of its aspects. Indeed, man is not only an individual seeking to choose, but also a member of a collective who needs a recognition (conservatism); a being alienated from labor and racial life (Marxism); a believer seeking to avoid sin (early Christianity) and obedient to divine will (Islam); a being who suffers from constant suffering and seeks to be saved from it (Buddhism); a victim of civilization, oppressed by the flow of information and the need for constant choice This inadequacy entails a destructive effect: the concept of rights creates a monochrome picture, on which, the human existence is reduced to act of will; gives rise to logical contradictions; destroys reality, monopolizing the axiological basis of cooperation; is used as a tool of submission and domination; creates an absolute justa causa; alienates from existence and forms the basis for other levels of the mythological structure. The history of human rights is not complete: It seems that today humanity is on the eve of fundamental transformations, whose content and final result are difficult to predict.


2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 608-609
Author(s):  
J.Paul Robinson

Introduction This presentation will follow the pathways to convergence of two very complementary technologies - flow cytometry and imaging. Interestingly, each technology has evolved and matured almost exclusively isolated from the other. in the past several years it has become increasingly clear that these technologies are able to deliver complementary solutions and that when combined the end value of each exceeds the sum of the individual components.History of development Flow cytometry has a rich history over the past 40 years. Ironically, as a technology, flow cytometry was almost a consolation prize to its imaging cousins. in fact, it seems that it might only have been because imaging solutions proved to be technologically difficult that flow cytometry not only thrived, but left the imaging field well behind for nearly 20 years. Initial interest in evaluating differences between normal and cancer cells was almost exclusively attempted by imaging techniques.


Author(s):  
Larysa Bayrachna ◽  
◽  
Yurii Burdai ◽  

The article presents a critical analysis of the doctrine of "poisoned tree" through the prism of its interpretation by the European Court of Human Rights, scientific and practical approach to its formation by the case law of Ukrainian national courts, in particular, but not limited to, the Supreme Court. Given the requirements of current procedural legislation of Ukraine. An overview of the basic standards and aspects of the standard established by the institute of admissibility of evidence in their entirety and individually. The institute of admissibility of evidence has a long history of development. To date, the inadmissibility of evidence obtained in violation of procedural law is enshrined at the European judicial level in such judgments of the European Court of Human Rights as Gefgen v. Germany, Teixeira de Castro v. Portugal, and Sabelnik v. Ukraine. against Ukraine", "Nechyporuk and Yonkalo against Ukraine", "Yaremenko against Ukraine". This requirement for the admissibility of evidence is formulated in the above-mentioned Decisions quite succinctly and clearly, and is currently the subject of its implementation in both the law-making system and the law enforcement system. In the legal literature, there is still a discussion about the doctrine of "poisoned tree fruit", which is directly related to the recognition of derivatives of evidence obtained in violation of Ukrainian law - inadmissible. In the course of the study, uncertainty was found that the implementation of this doctrine is necessary only when the violation of the conditions of admissibility calls into question the reliability of the evidence. Therefore, it is necessary to determine whether there is a dependence of the admissibility and reliability of the evidence or the "fruits of the poisoned tree" appear under other conditions, when the evidence is declared inadmissible, regardless of this impact on the reliability.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Анна Назарова ◽  
Anna Nazarova

This article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the history of development of the marriage in fact Institute in Russia and the USA. The purpose of the analysis of the development of the marriage in fact Institute is conditioned by the increase in the number of marriages in fact at the present time. The results of the National population census in 2010 showed that 13,2% of the adult population are in de facto marriages. Historical analysis allows studying the experience of the actual development of the marriage in fact institution in the past and gives the opportunity to predict the development of this Institute in future. In order to obtain the best results of the investigation, the author uses a comparative law method that allows considering the experience of not only Russia, but also foreign countries. In the article the author examines the causes and approaches to legal recognition and regulation of de facto relations in different historical periods. As a result of the conducted research the author concludes that the original form of marriage was simple cohabitation of men and women. Legal marriage appeared when the state introduced regulations for marriage registration. At the same time in certain historical periods the cohabitation of men and women had legal value due to the social need that had arisen in the society. Based on the above, there are prerequisites for legal recognition of marriages in fact in future, since in 1926 registration of a much smaller number of marriages in fact (7%) resulted in the fact that RSFSR recognized the rights of de facto spouses similar to legal spouses.


2020 ◽  
pp. 387-408
Author(s):  
Carol Brennan ◽  
Vera Bermingham

Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. The Calcutt Committee Report on Privacy and Related Matters (1990) defined privacy as ‘the right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs, or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information’. While a number of different torts indirectly address wrongful intrusion into another’s privacy, English law has not directly protected privacy in its own right. It was the Human Rights Act 1998 that has made it possible to use breach of confidence in regulating the publication of private information. This chapter looks at the history of the protection of privacy in English law, discusses the current legal approaches to privacy, examines the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on this developing area of law, and evaluates English law on privacy in an international context.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Bahram Namozov ◽  

This article is about developing of portrait genre in fine art and analysis of the masterpiece and except for the individual character of the person in portrait genre, its surrounding and occupation. All the type and genre of fine art tell about person's life. The person always is an important role in art. It is told the story of its appearance, its complex interior, its character, its spirit and its various aspects


Author(s):  
Ertuğrul Gazi AKSOY

Özet: İnsan hakları, her bireyin doğuştan sahip olduğu ve devletlerin öngördüğü kanunlara aykırı olmadığı müddetçe kimsenin mahrum bırakılamayacağı olanakları ifade etmektedir. Bu haklar, sahip olduğu değerleri, ırkı, düşüncesi, coğrafyası, dili, dini, cinsiyeti ve rengi bakımından ayrım gösterilmeksizin tüm insanlar için geçerlidir. İnsan hakları, bireyin doğumundan itibaren var olması nedeniyle insanlık tarihi kadar geniş bir geçmişe haizdir. İlkçağlardan modern devlete kadar geçen süreç içerisinde insan hakları için birçok mücadele verilmiştir. İnsanın haklarının var olduğunu sadece bireylerin veya devletlerin girişmiş olduğu eylemler de göremeyiz. Buna bağlı olarak dinlerinde insanın hakları yönünde savları var olmuştur. Buradan hareketle bu çalışma içerisinde, ilk çağlardan günümüze kadar ilan edilmiş temel insan hakları belgelerinin kısa tarihçesi ele alınacak ve bu belgelerin insan hakları bağlamındaki katkılarına değinilecektir. Kuran-ı Kerimdeki ayetler incelenecek ve insan hakları belgelerine nazaran daha köklü bir geçmişe ve muhtevaya sahip olduğu ifade edilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Temel İnsan Hakları Belgeleri, İnsan Hakları, Kur’an’da İnsan Hakları, Eşitlik, Özgürlük. Abstract: Human rights represent the possibilities that each individual has by birth and that no one can be deprived unless it is contrary to the laws prescribed by the states. These rights apply to all people without discrimination in respect of their values, race, thought, geography, language, religion, gender and color. Human rights have a history as wide as human history because of their existence since the birth of the individual. Many struggles for Human Rights have been given during the period from the early ages to the modern state. We cannot see the existence of human rights only by actions taken by individuals or states. There have been arguments about human rights in the religions. In this study, the brief history of the basic human rights documents that have been published from the early ages to the present day will be discussed and the contributions of these documents in the context of human rights will be addressed. The verses in the Qur’an will be examined and it will be stated that they have a more established background and more content than human rights documents. Keywords: Basic Human Rights Documents, Human Rights, Human Rights in the Qur’an, Equality, Freedom. Аннотация: Адам укуктары эгерде бул мамлекеттер тарабынан каралган мыйзамдарга карама-каршы келбесе, ар бир адам төрөлгөндө ээ болгон жана эч ким ажырата албаган мүмкүнчүлүктөрдү билдирет. Бул укуктар, алардын баалуулуктар, раса, ой жүгүртүү, аймактын, тил, дин, жарым жана түстүү айырмачылыкты жок, бардык адамдарга карата колдонулат. Адам укуктары, адам төрөлгөндөн бери бар, анткени адамзаттын тарыхы сыяктуу эле көп тарыхка ээ. Биринчи учурдан тартып азыркы мамлекеттерге чейин болуп өткөн процессте адам укугу үчүн күрөш көп болду. Биз жеке адамдардын же мамлекеттин алдында жасаган иш-аракеттерде гана адам укуктары бар экенин көрө албайбыз. Ушуга байланыштуу, адам укуктары боюнча алардын дининде макулдашуулар бар болчу. Ошондуктан, бул изилдөөнүн алкагында алгачкы күндөрдөн тартып, биздин күн-гө чейин жарыяланган адам укуктары боюнча негизги документтердин кыскача тарыхы каралат жана адам укуктары контекстке бул документтердин салымы каралат. Курандагы ырлар изилдөө жана адам укуктары боюнча документтерге караганда туңгуюкка өткөн жана мазмуну менен чагылдырылат. Түйүндүү сөздөр: адам укуктары боюнча негизги документтер, адам укуктары, курандагы адам укуктары, теңдик, эркиндик.


2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. S76-S84
Author(s):  
Amir Muzur

The necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to both research and education can today hardly be debated, especially when one thinks of the complexity and dynamics of changes in the human brain and behaviour related to digitalisation and informatisation. Real interdisciplinarity, however, has to be born within the individual, representing a kind of a particular state of mind. To achieve such a goal, reforms of both science and the educational system are needed, broadening the fundamentals of our knowledge. To support and elaborate this thesis, various ideas will be analysed related to one successful example of interdisciplinarity, represented, in the author’s opinion, in the history of development of bioethics.


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