scholarly journals EFECTOS DE EVENTOS OCEÁNICOS EXTREMOS EN FORMACIONES CORALINAS DE ISLAS DEL ROSARIO, CARIBE COLOMBIANO

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Carolina Vega Sequeda ◽  
Sven Zea ◽  
Gladys Bernal

El incremento en la frecuencia e intensidad de eventos oceánicos extremos limita la capacidad de recuperación de los ecosistemas, amenazando su subsistencia. Con el fin de entender la relación entre la estructura y salud arrecifal y los eventos extremos ambientales, se analizaron series de datos ambientales de las islas del Rosario (e.g., temperatura del mar, caudal y/o salinidad, turbidez), en comparación con cobertura coralina y signos de deterioro (e.g., blanqueamiento, enfermedades). En las series de tiempo de las variables ambientales se calcularon los eventos oceánicos que excedieron un umbral estadístico, estableciendo su intensidad, duración y frecuencia. Para los atributos de la comunidad, se evaluaron dos estaciones del Sistema Nacional de Monitoreo de Arrecifes Coralinos en Colombia (SIMAC), en dos ventanas temporales (largo plazo, 1998–2013 y corto plazo, 2013 - 2014). Los eventos extremos de temperatura superficial del mar, el caudal de descarga continental y la turbidez asociada fueron las principales variables relacionadas con la reducción de la cobertura coralina. El blanqueamiento masivo de 2005 y otros eventos posteriores dieron como resultado una reducción de la cobertura coralina entre 2004 y 2010. En el corto plazo no se registraron fuertes eventos extremos ni cambios en las formaciones coralinas, si bien el estrés térmico y las reducciones de salinidad en la época de lluvias estuvieron asociados con un ligero blanqueamiento en noviembre de 2014. Aunque los signos de deterioro sean bajos, es importante considerarlos, ya que la sinergia entre perturbaciones continuas puede conllevar a una pérdida de cobertura del coral.  Effect of extreme oceanic events in the coral formations of Islas del Rosario,  Colombian CaribbeanThe increase in frequency and intensity of extreme oceanic events limits the capacity of recovery of ecosystems, threatening their subsistence. Thus, in order to understand the relationship between coral health and extreme environmental events, data on sea temperature, runoff and / or salinity, turbidity were analyzed in the Islas del Rosario in comparison with coral cover, and coral signs of deterioration (e.g., bleaching, coral diseases). In the time series of environmental variables, oceanic events that exceeded a statistical threshold were calculated, establishing their intensity, duration and frequency. The attributes of the community were studied through observations in two stations of the National Coral Reef Monitoring System in Colombia (SIMAC), assessed in two time windows (long term, 1998-2013 and short term, 2013-2014). The extreme events of sea surface temperature, river discharge and associated turbidity, were the main variables related to the reduction of coral cover. The massive coral bleaching of 2005 and other subsequent events resulted in a reduction in coral coverage between 2004 and 2010. During the short-term observations there were no strong extreme events or changes in coral formations, although thermal stress and reductions in salinity in the rainy season were associated with a slight bleaching in November 2014. Although the signs of deterioration are low, it is important to consider them, since the synergy between continuous disturbances can lead to a loss of coral cover.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Exaltacion E. Lamberte ◽  
Feorillo Petronillo A. Demeterio III ◽  
Wilfred Luis L. Clamor

The Philippines is prone to a variety of natural calamities. Consequently, the community's health is impacted by many extreme events. This study investigates stakeholders' knowledge and preparedness in the face of major natural events and disasters, health impacts of disasters in the community, and different sectors' response amid extreme events, explicitly flooding, earthquakes, super typhoons, and volcanic eruptions. Data was gathered from four locations through interviews and focus group discussions, and available literature and situation reports. According to the narratives, residents' and local government units' awareness of an impending catastrophic event and disaster preparations are critical. Moreover, community members experienced various immediate, short-term, and long-term health impacts due to various disasters. Therefore, the lessons in this study should be used to improve its preparations, strategies, and protocols.


2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Wagner ◽  
T. Wilke ◽  
S. Krastel ◽  
G. Zanchetta ◽  
R. Sulpizio ◽  
...  

Abstract. The Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) project is an international research initiative to study the influence of major geological and environmental events on the biological evolution of lake taxa. SCOPSCO drilling campaigns were carried out in 2011 and 2013. In 2011 we used gravity and piston coring at one of the five proposed drill sites, and in 2013 we undertook deep drilling with the Deep Lake Drilling System (DLDS) of Drilling, Observation and Sampling of the Earth's Continental Crust (DOSECC). In April and May 2013, a total of 2100 m sediments were recovered from four drill sites with water depths ranging from 125 to 260 m. The maximum drill depth was 569 m below the lake floor in the centre of the lake. By retrieving overlapping sediment sequences, 95% of the sediment succession was recovered. Initial data from borehole logging, core logging and geochemical measurements indicate that the sediment succession covers >1.2 million years (Ma) in a quasi-continuous sequence. These early findings suggest that the record from Lake Ohrid will substantially improve the knowledge of long-term environmental change and short-term geological events in the northeastern Mediterranean region, which forms the basis for improving understanding of the influence of major geological and environmental events on the biological evolution of endemic species.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247566
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Fang ◽  
Hanping Hou ◽  
Changxiang Lu ◽  
Haiyun Pang ◽  
Qingshan Deng ◽  
...  

After an earthquake, affected areas have insufficient medicinal supplies, thereby necessitating substantial distribution of first-aid medicine from other supply centers. To make a proper distribution schedule, we considered the timing of supply and demand. In the present study, a “sequential time window” is used to describe the time to generate of supply and demand and the time of supply delivery. Then, considering the sequential time window, we proposed two multiobjective scheduling models with the consideration of demand uncertainty; two multiobjective stochastic programming models were also proposed to solve the scheduling models. Moreover, this paper describes a simulation that was performed based on a first-aid medicine distribution problem during a Wenchuan earthquake response. The simulation results show that the methodologies proposed in this paper provide effective schedules for the distribution of first-aid medicine. The developed distribution schedule enables some supplies in the former time windows to be used in latter time windows. This schedule increases the utility of limited stocks and avoids the risk that all the supplies are used in the short-term, leaving no supplies for long-term use.


2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 250-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Brunovský ◽  
Milan Lapin ◽  
Igor Melicherčík ◽  
Ján Somorčík ◽  
Daniel Ševčovič

Risks Due to Variability of K-Day Extreme Precipitation Totals and Other K-Day Extreme EventsSeveral alternative definitions of extreme events are proposed. As the first step a statistical analysis of daily precipitation measurement time series from the Hurbanovo SHMI Observatory and elaboration of potentially dangerous precipitation events is carried out. Then, combined characteristics based on daily temperature, daily air humidity and daily precipitation totals are computed. The drought index based on normalized deviations from long-term averages is defined. Alternatively, to define extreme events "Data envelopment analysis" (DEA) is employed withK-day periods of values of temperature, humidity and precipitation corresponding to decision making units. In this paper we have used the period ofK= 10 days for both methodologies for identification of extreme events. The results of all definitions of extreme events are compared.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich A. Burger ◽  
Thomas L. Frölicher ◽  
Jasmin G. John

Abstract. Ocean acidity extreme events are short-term periods of extremely high [H+] concentrations. The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by the ocean is expected to lead to more frequent and intense ocean acidity extreme events, not only due to mean ocean acidification, but also due to increases in ocean acidity variability. Here, we use daily output from ensemble simulations of a comprehensive Earth system model under a low and high CO2 emission scenario to isolate and quantify the impact of changes in variability on changes in ocean acidity extremes. We show that the number of days with extreme [H+] conditions for surface waters is projected to increase by a factor of 14 by the end of the 21st century under a high CO2 emission scenario relative to preindustrial levels. The duration of individual events is projected to triple, and the maximal intensity and the volume extent in the upper 200 m to quintuple. Similar changes are projected in the thermocline. At surface, the changes are mainly driven by increases in [H+] seasonality, whereas changes in interannual variability are also important in the thermocline. Increases in [H+] variability and extremes arise predominantly from increases in the sensitivity of [H+] to variations in its drivers. In contrast to [H+] extremes, the occurrence of short-term extremes in low aragonite saturation state due to changes in variability is projected to decrease. An increase in [H+] variability and an associated increase in extreme events superimposed onto the long-term ocean acidification trend will enhance the risk of severe and detrimental impacts on marine organisms, especially for those that are adapted to a more stable environment.


Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaux Y. Hein ◽  
Roger Beeden ◽  
Alastair Birtles ◽  
Naomi M. Gardiner ◽  
Thomas Le Berre ◽  
...  

Coral restoration is rapidly becoming a mainstream strategic reef management response to address dramatic declines in coral cover worldwide. Restoration success can be defined as enhanced reef functions leading to improved ecosystem services, with multiple benefits at socio-ecological scales. However, there is often a mismatch between the objectives of coral restoration programs and the metrics used to assess their effectiveness. In particular, the scales of ecological benefits currently assessed are typically limited in both time and space, often being limited to short-term monitoring of the growth and survival of transplanted corals. In this paper, we explore reef-scale responses of coral assemblages to restoration practices applied in four well-established coral restoration programs. We found that hard coral cover and structural complexity were consistently greater at restored compared to unrestored (degraded) sites. However, patterns in coral diversity, coral recruitment, and coral health among restored, unrestored, and reference sites varied across locations, highlighting differences in methodologies among restoration programs. Altogether, differences in program objectives, methodologies, and the state of nearby coral communities were key drivers of variability in the responses of coral assemblages to restoration. The framework presented here provides guidance to improve qualitative and quantitative assessments of coral restoration efforts and can be applied to further understanding of the role of restoration within resilience-based reef management.


2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vally Koubi ◽  
Tobias Böhmelt ◽  
Gabriele Spilker ◽  
Lena Schaffer

AbstractMigration is likely to be a key factor linking climate change and conflict. However, our understanding of the factors behind and consequences of migration is surprisingly limited. We take this shortcoming as a motivation for our research and study the relationship between environmental migration and conflict at the micro level. In particular, we focus on environmental migrants' conflictperceptions. We contend that variation in migrants' conflict perception can be explained by the type of environmental event people experienced in their former home, whether gradual, and long-term or sudden-onset, short-term environmental changes. We develop this argument before quantitatively analyzing newly collected micro-level data on intra-state migration from five developing countries. The results emphasize that migrants who experienced gradual, long-term environmental events in their former homes are more likely to perceive conflict in their new location than those having experienced sudden, short-term environmental events. These findings are in line with our theoretical argument that environmental migrants who suffer from environmentally induced grievances are ultimately more likely toperceiveconflict and challenges in their new locations.


2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.


Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607


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