scholarly journals The limited reach of surprise: Evidence against effects of surprise on memory for preceding elements of an event

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Ben-Yakov ◽  
Verity Smith ◽  
Richard Henson
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
The Past ◽  
Separate Event ◽  
Stop Motion

AbstractWhen reflecting on the past, some of our strongest memories are for experiences that took us by surprise. Extensive research has backed this intuition that we are more likely to remember surprising moments than mundane ones. But what about the moments leading up to the surprise? Are we more likely to remember those as well? While surprise is a well-established modulator of memory, it is unknown whether memory for the entire event will be enhanced, or only for the surprising occurrence itself. We developed a novel paradigm utilising stop-motion films, depicting of a sequence of narrative events, in which specific occurrences could be replaced with surprising ones, while keeping the rest of the film unaltered. Using this design, we tested whether surprise exerts retroactive effects on memory, and specifically whether any potential effect would be confined to elements in the same event as the surprising occurrence. In a large cohort of participants (n = 340), we found strong evidence that surprise did not retroactively modulate memory, neither when participants were tested immediately after study nor when they were tested 24 hours later. We suggest two possible accounts for these findings: (1) that the components of an event are encoded as independent episodic elements (not as a cohesive unit), or (2) that surprise segments experience, sectioning off the preceding elements as a separate event.

scholarly journals Through what mechanisms do protected areas affect environmental and social outcomes?

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1681) ◽  
pp. 20140267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ferraro ◽  
Merlin M. Hanauer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

To develop effective protected area policies, scholars and practitioners must better understand the mechanisms through which protected areas affect social and environmental outcomes. With strong evidence about mechanisms, the key elements of success can be strengthened, and the key elements of failure can be eliminated or repaired. Unfortunately, empirical evidence about these mechanisms is limited, and little guidance for quantifying them exists. This essay assesses what mechanisms have been hypothesized, what empirical evidence exists for their relative contributions and what advances have been made in the past decade for estimating mechanism causal effects from non-experimental data. The essay concludes with a proposed agenda for building an evidence base about protected area mechanisms.

Things Heard in the Past, Material for Future Use: A Study of Song (960-1279) biji Prefaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-53
Author(s):  
Ellen Zhang Cong
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
Elite Communication ◽  
Social Scenes ◽  
The Way

Through an analysis of the narrative and rhetoric of dozens of Songbijiprefaces, this study illustrates the way in which casual conversation was represented and transformed into writing, and howbijiwriters articulated the utility and consumption of their work. This study highlights the increasing importance of oral instruction and personal experience as legitimate modes of elite communication. The growing visibility of informal social scenes inbijiworks and their celebration of those who participated in and contributed to entertaining activities serve as strong evidence of a changing elite self-identification that characterized the major social and cultural transformations in the Song period.

scholarly journals Is there evidence for automatic imitation in a strategic context?

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1741) ◽  
pp. 3231-3233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balazs Aczel ◽  
Bence Bago ◽  
Andrei Foldes
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Automatic Imitation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strategic Context ◽  
Conscious Control ◽  
Promising Avenue

Over the past decade, a compelling number of studies reported that observing an action makes the imitation of that action more likely. The automatic character of human imitative behaviour was often claimed, but rarely tested. The demonstration of the absence of conscious control has been attempted in a recent report claiming that imitation can occur in the rock–paper–scissors (RPS) game, where strategic players should avoid imitating their opponents. This surprising result could serve as strong evidence that humans imitate each other unconsciously. We find, however, that this conclusion is problematic. In addition to reviewing the original methods, in this work, we also replicated the experiment with double the sample size. Thorough examination of the original analyses and the results of the present replication do not support the original conclusion. In our view, testing the theory of automatic imitation in RPS games is a potentially promising avenue of exploration, yet the interpretation of the data requires further understanding of the subsidiary effects controlling the behaviour of the players.

Potential Effect of Black Carbon on Glacier Mass Balance during the Past 55 Years of Laohugou Glacier No. 12, Western Qilian Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jizu Chen ◽  
Xiang Qin ◽  
Shichang Kang ◽  
Wentao Du ◽  
Weijun Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Qilian Mountains ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
The Past

Systematic review of the outcome of anxiety and depressive disorders

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (S34) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Emmanuel ◽  
S. Simmonds ◽  
P. Tyrer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
The Past ◽  
Standard Procedures

Background Although there have been many changes in the diagnosis of anxiety and depressive disorders in the past 20 years there have been few comparative enquiries into the clinical outcome of greater diagnostic categories. We therefore compared the outcome of all studies which compared the outcome of specific anxiety and depressive disorders using the standard procedures of systematic review.Method A Medline search was carried out of all studies comparing the outcome of anxiety and depressive disorders or mixed anxiety-depressive disorders in which information was available separately for each disorder.Results Eight studies satisfied the search criteria (all involving a period of observation of two years or greater); only one of these included randomisation of treatment and comparison between specific anxiety disorder outcome. There was a somewhat better outcome in patients with depressive disorders compared with anxiety ones, and strong evidence that both anxiety and depressive disorders singly had better outcomes than comorbid mixed disorders.Conclusion Comorbid anxiety-depressive disorders have a poor outcome compared with single anxiety and depressive disorders, and there is some evidence that anxiety disorders have a worse outcome than depressive ones.

scholarly journals Organizational Renewal in Family Firms

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd ◽  
Vasilis Theoharakis ◽  
Angelo Bisignano
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Firm Performance ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Succession Planning ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Organizational Renewal ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Level

The authors investigate whether organizational renewal impacts on the performance of family firms and identify aspects of ‘familiness’ acting as facilitators or inhibitors of organizational renewal. A survey instrument captured data on relevant family-related characteristics, organizational renewal and firm performance from the CEOs of 140 family firms in Greece. Regression analysis was used to test hypotheses. Strong evidence was found that organizational renewal impacts positively on the profit growth of family firms. Where CEOs had a strong growth aspiration for the future and were firm founders, and where succession planning was taking place, renewal was more likely to be enacted. Efforts are focused on creating a business that will thrive in the future, and not on curating an organizational heirloom shaped and constrained by the past. Their strong future focus liberates these family firms from possible cross-generational path dependency, allowing the special resources of their family's business to act instead as a springboard for ongoing organizational renewal. Conversely, those family firms with a high level of family altruism indicated by extensive kin employment seem to be more likely to be destined for stagnation than stewardship, as they promote (past-focused) historical family sentiment and tradition. The dangers of cross-generational path dependency indeed seem pronounced in such past-focused firms.

scholarly journals The virtual cultural tourist: Film-induced tourism and Kubo and the Two Strings

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Dennis Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Film Studies ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
The Past ◽  
Culture History ◽  
Destination Choices ◽  
Cinematic Experience ◽  
Stop Motion ◽  
Cultural Tourist

Over the past two decades, there has been growing research in film-induced tourism. Much of this research is focused on how film influences tourist destination choices. There has been less emphasis, however, on the nature and types of movies that may induce this attraction to such locations. By examining Kubo and the Two Strings (Knight, 2016), a stop-motion animation produced by Laika Studios, this paper aims to apply film studies to explore current understandings of film-induced tourism. This paper argues that Kubo is itself a form of film-induced tourism by positioning the viewer as a virtual cultural tourist whose cinematic experience may be likened to a veritable media pilgrimage through Japanese culture, history and aesthetics. The movie introduces the viewer into an imagined world that borrows from origami, Nō theatre, shamisen music, obon rituals and Japanese symbolism, philosophy and mythology. The resulting pastiche is a constructed diorama that is as transnational and postmodern as it is authentic and indigenous.

scholarly journals Do MicroRNAs Modulate Visceral Pain?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo-Ying Tao ◽  
Yang Xue ◽  
Jin-Feng Li ◽  
Richard J. Traub ◽  
Dong-Yuan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level

Visceral pain, a common characteristic of multiple diseases relative to viscera, impacts millions of people worldwide. Although hundreds of studies have explored mechanisms underlying visceral pain, it is still poorly managed. Over the past decade, strong evidence emerged suggesting that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in visceral nociception through altering neurotransmitters, receptors and other genes at the posttranscriptional level. Under pathological conditions, one kind of miRNA may have several target mRNAs and several kinds of miRNAs may act on one target, suggesting complex interactions and mechanisms between miRNAs and target genes lead to pathological states. In this review we report on recent progress in examining miRNAs responsible for visceral sensitization and provide miRNA-based therapeutic targets for the management of visceral pain.

A review of through-knee amputation

Vascular ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170853812110451
Author(s):  
Brieuc Panhelleux ◽  
Joseph Shalhoub ◽  
Anne K Silverman ◽  
Alison H McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Knee Amputation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Amputation Surgery

Objectives Through-knee amputation is an umbrella term for several different surgical techniques, which may affect clinical and functional outcomes. This makes it hard to evaluate the benefits and need for a through-knee amputation approach. This article seeks to (1) determine the number of through-knee amputation performed compared with other major lower limb amputations in England over the past decade; (2) identify the theoretical concepts behind through-knee amputation surgical approaches and their potential effect on functional and clinical outcomes and (3) provide a platform for discussion and research on through-knee amputation and surgical outcomes. Methods National Health Service Hospital Episodes Statistics were used to obtain recent numbers of major lower limb amputations in England. EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched using a systematic approach with predefined criteria for relevant literature on through-knee amputation surgery. Results In the past decade, 4.6% of major lower limb amputations in England were through-knee amputations. Twenty-six articles presenting through-knee amputation surgical techniques met our criteria. These articles detailed three through-knee amputation surgical techniques: the classical approach, which keeps the femur intact and retains the patella; the Mazet technique, which shaves the femoral condyles into a box shape and the Gritti-Stokes technique, which divides the femur proximal to the level of the condyles and attaches the patella at the distal cut femur. Conclusions Through-knee amputation has persisted as a surgical approach over the past decade, with three core approaches identified. Studies reporting clinical, functional and biomechanical outcomes of through-knee amputation frequently fail to distinguish between the three distinct and differing approaches, making direct comparisons difficult. Future studies that compare through-knee amputation approaches to one another and to other amputation levels are needed.

Proteomics and the human microbiome: where we are today and where we would like to be

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Adriane Kolmeder
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
The Past

What are all these hundreds of different bacterial species doing in and on us? What interactions occur between the host and the microbes, and between the microbes themselves? By studying proteins, metaproteomics tries to find preliminary answers to these questions. There is daunting complexity around this; in fact, many of these proteins have never been studied before. This article is an introduction to the field of metaproteomics in the context of the human microbiome. It summarizes where we are and what we have learnt so far. The focus will be on faecal proteomics as most metaproteomics research has been conducted on that sample type. Metaproteomics has made major advances in the past decade, but new sample preparation strategies, improved mass spectrometric analysis and, most importantly, data analysis and interpretation have the potential to pave the way for large-cohort metaproteomics.

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