323. Distribution of Pathogens in Coinfections of Patients Admitted with COVID-19

Background Patients who are admitted to the hospital with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) often have protracted hospitalizations complicated by bacterial or fungal co-infections. This also raises the question whether there is some feature of COVID-19 that predisposes to development of specific co-infections. To begin answering that question, we sought to review the distribution of microorganisms identified in bacterial and respiratory cultures in patients admitted with COVID-19. Methods In a retrospective review of all patients admitted with COVID-19 in the year 2020 at a single academic tertiary medical facility, all positive blood and respiratory cultures were reviewed. Common contaminants were removed. Duplicate growth of the same organism within the same patient was not counted as a separate event. Results 787 patients were admitted with COVID-19 for the specified time frame. There were 131 and 147 unique events of documented bacterial or fungal growth seen in blood cultures and respiratory tract cultures, respectively. The most commonly identified organism in blood cultures was Staphylococcus aureus (3.94% of patients with COVID-19), followed closely by Enterococcus (2.41%), Klebsiella (1.65%), and Escherichia (1.27%). Staphylococcus aureus was also the most frequently isolated organism in respiratory cultures (7.24% of patients with COVID-19), followed by Pseudomonas (3.43%), Klebsiella (1.78%), Serratia (0.89%), and Stenotrophomonas (0.89%). Conclusion This suggests that the distribution of pathogens implicated in coinfections in this patient population may not be substantially different from what might be expected in patients admitted for reasons outside of COVID-19. Further investigation with a larger patient population would provide more generalizable data, including patients admitted for reasons outside of COVID-19. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

The limited reach of surprise: Evidence against effects of surprise on memory for preceding elements of an event

When reflecting on the past, some of our strongest memories are for experiences that took us by surprise. Extensive research has backed this intuition that we are more likely to remember surprising moments than mundane ones. But what about the moments leading up to the surprise? Are we more likely to remember those as well? While surprise is a well-established modulator of memory, it is unknown whether memory for the entire event will be enhanced, or only for the surprising occurrence itself. We developed a novel paradigm utilising stop-motion films, depicting of a sequence of narrative events, in which specific occurrences could be replaced with surprising ones, while keeping the rest of the film unaltered. Using this design, we tested whether surprise exerts retroactive effects on memory, and specifically whether any potential effect would be confined to elements in the same event as the surprising occurrence. In a large cohort of participants (n = 340), we found strong evidence that surprise did not retroactively modulate memory, neither when participants were tested immediately after study nor when they were tested 24 hours later. We suggest two possible accounts for these findings: (1) that the components of an event are encoded as independent episodic elements (not as a cohesive unit), or (2) that surprise segments experience, sectioning off the preceding elements as a separate event.

When was Constantine V born?

Emperor Constantine V was born in the summer of 718, however our only two texts that provide an approximate date of his birth diverge on the matter; mid-July according to Patriarch Nikephoros? Breviarium, and early September according to Theophanes? Chronographia. This paper first analyses the place of Constantine V?s birth in the two texts and argues that Theophanes moved the birth to attach it to the baptism episode, which was a separate event, effectively distorting the date of birth. The article also proposes that Theophanes had both practical and ideological reasons to do so and suggests that with the current state of the sources, evidence from the Breviarium is more likely to be closer to the actual date of birth of the infamous iconoclast emperor. Considering that the birth of an imperial heir had a legitimizing value, demonstrating the divine favour shown to the current ruler, and the importance of victory in 718, the last section of this paper further analyses whether the date-just before the retreat of the Arab army besieging Constantinople for about a year-may have played a role in Isaurian propaganda or in the memory of Constantine V as a triumphant ruler.

Collective Bargaining Rights and Police Misconduct: Evidence from Florida

We provide quasi-experimental evidence on the effects of law enforcement collective bargaining rights on violent incidents of misconduct. Our empirical strategy exploits a 2003 Florida Supreme Court decision (Williams) conferring collective bargaining rights on sheriffs’ deputies. Using a state administrative database of “moral character” violations over 1996–2015, we implement a difference-in-difference approach in which police departments (PDs; which were unaffected by Williams) serve as a control group for sheriffs’ offices (SOs). Our estimates imply that collective bargaining rights led to a substantial increase in violent incidents of misconduct among SOs relative to PDs. This result is robust to including only violent incidents involving officers hired before Williams, suggesting that it is due to a deterrence mechanism rather than compositional effects. In a separate event-study analysis, unionization is associated with higher levels of violent misconduct, and so appears to be a channel for the effect. (JEL K42, J50, J45).

Impressionist Landscape Cartography

Cartography helps to show us the world in which we reside by providing us a framework to explore space. We can select myriad themes to represent what is relevant to our lives: physical characteristics, human behaviors, hazards, opportunities. Themes are represented on a continuum between real-world images and pure abstractions. How we define cartography and what we expect from it changes with society and technology. We are now inundated with data but we still struggle with expressing our personal geographic experiences through cartography. In this age of information we have become more cognizant of our individual experience of place and our need to determine our own paths and therefore create our own maps. In order to reflect our journey we can add individual details to cartographic products or generalize information to concentrate on what is meaningful to us. Since time and space are interrelated we experience geography by viewing the landscape as changing scenes over time. This experience is both spatial and temporal since we experience geography by moving through space. Experiencing each scene is a separate event. This paper expands the personalization of maps to include our impressions of the travel experience. Rather than add art to cartography it provides geographic reference to art. It explores the use of a series of quick sketches drawn while traveling along roads using a single drawing pad to produce a time series of interpreted landscapes. With the use of geographic time stamps from global positioning systems these sketches are converted from a drawing to a map documenting the path of movement. Although the map scale varies between sketch entries each scene impression can be linked to one or more maps of consistent scale. The result is an artistic piece that expresses a dynamic geographic experience that can be viewed in conjunction with more traditional maps. Unlike mental maps which are constructed from memory, these maps reflect our direct impressions of the landscape. The use of art can help us convey our experience.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Opportunities and Challenges

The fourth industrial revolution, a term coined by Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, describes a world where individuals move between digital domains and offline reality with the use of connected technology to enable and manage their lives. (Miller 2015, 3) The first industrial revolution changed our lives and economy from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Oil and electricity facilitated mass production in the second industrial revolution. In the third industrial revolution, information technology was used to automate production. Although each industrial revolution is often considered a separate event, together they can be better understood as a series of events building upon innovations of the previous revolution and leading to more advanced forms of production. This article discusses the major features of the four industrial revolutions, the opportunities of the fourth industrial revolution, and the challenges of the fourth industrial revolution.

Fast timing for collider detectors

Advancements in fast timing particle detectors have opened up new possibilities to design [Formula: see text] collider detectors that fully reconstruct and separate event vertices and individual particles in the time domain. The applications of these techniques are considered for the physics at CEPC.

Vibrio cholerae O1 strains with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in travellers returning from India (Rajasthan) to France, April 2007

Two returning French travellers were hospitalised in late March 2007 for cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 serotype Ogawa. In a separate event, a third case was hospitalised in early April 2007.

Evolutionary Spread and Recombination of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in the Suiformes

ABSTRACT Different Suiformes with increasing phylogenetic distance to the common pig (Sus scrofa) were assayed for the presence of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) in general (pol gene), while the distribution of long terminal repeat (LTR) types (with or without repeats in U3) and env genes (classes A, B, and C) were determined in detail. PERV was not detectable in the most distantly related species, while classes PERV-A and PERV-B are present in Suiformes originating in the Pliocene epoch, and class PERV-C was detectable only in S. scrofa and in closely related species originating in the Holocene epoch. This distribution pattern of PERV classes is in line with our previous study on the age of PERV (45) and suggests an African origin of about 7.5 million years ago (MYA) and a gradual spread of PERV through the Suiformes. It seems likely that PERV-C originated more recently (1.5 to 3.5 MYA) by recombination with a homologue of unknown descent, while the origin of the repeatless LTR was a separate event approximately 3.5 MYA.