COMMERCIAL SEX WORKER COMPLIANCE WITH USING CONDOMS IN THE LOCALIZATION OF MANGROVE BAY, BATAM CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Rosyadi Aziz Rahmat ◽  
Devy Lestari Nurul Aulia
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Commercial Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background : According to the World Health Organization (WHO) HIV continues to be a global public health problem, claiming more than 70 million people are infected with the HIV virus and around 35 million people have died. In 2015, approximately 1.1 (940 000-1300000) million people have died due to being infected with the HIV virus. There were an estimated 36.7 (34.0-39.8) million people living with HIV at the end of 2016. Globally, Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with nearly 1 in 25 adults living with HIV. (WHO 2016). The purpose of this study was to determine the compliance of commercial sex workers on using condoms in the localization of Teluk Bakau, Batam City. Method : This study used a descriptive research design. The location of this research was carried out in the localization of Teluk Bakau, Batam City. The population in this study were all commercial sex workers (CSWs) in the Teluk Bakau brothels with a total of 95 people. The sample is an object under study and is considered to represent the entire population, here the writer uses a purposive technique, namely by means of sampling based on criteria. The measuring instrument in this study using a questionnaire. This analysis was carried out on each variable. These results are in the form of distribution and percentage of each variable. Data analysis was carried out in a univariate manner by looking at the results of the frequency calculation and the presentation of the results which could later be used as benchmarks for discussion and conclusions. Results and conclusions : It can be seen that the compliance of CSWs using condoms in the Bakau Bay brothel, Batam City is the majority of the majority behave obediently as many as 46 respondents (93.9%)

scholarly journals Gaps in tuberculosis control in Armenia: How to improve the care system?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11.1) ◽  
pp. 133S-139S
Author(s):  
Hayk Davtyan ◽  
Ani Petrosyan ◽  
Garry Aslanyan ◽  
Seda Aghabekyan ◽  
Deborah De Basso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Treatment Guideline ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Lost To Follow Up ◽  
Care System

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global public health problem. People with weakened immune systems are more vulnerable to TB. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide and is a leading cause of death for people living with HIV (PLWH). The aim of the current study was to perform programmatic data analysis of TB cases treated with the first-line drugs, registered in Armenia for the period of January 2017 – August 2018, and to identify gaps in TB care system in Armenia. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study using programmatic data from National TB Program. Results: Overall treatment success rate for the period of study was 79%. HIV had impact only on “died” outcome with odds ratio (OR) of 20.9. More than a third (34%) of all HIV-positive patients died during TB treatment and 45% of patients who had non-Armenian citizenship were lost to follow-up during the treatment (OR = 3.3). Treatment duration for the 8% of all cases (mainly with brain or bone localization) was > 9 months and lasted up to 500 days. Conclusions: Better collaboration and partial integration of TB and HIV services in Armenia is required. The access to care for non-Armenian citizens needs to be improved. The national TB treatment guideline needs to be updated based on scientific evidence. This study demonstrates that continuous analysis of the available data and tailoring of the system is required to address the needs of key populations and achieve universal care coverage.

scholarly journals Prevalence of sexual violence in Ethiopian workplaces: systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Dile Worke ◽  
Zewdie Birhanu Koricha ◽  
Gurmesa Tura Debelew
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Commercial Sex Workers ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Abstract Background Workplace sexual violence is a significant public health problem in low and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. However, except for individual studies with varying prevalence rates in different occupations, there are no national prevalence studies conducted in workplace settings in Ethiopia. Appropriate estimation of the problem is essential to formulate health service plans most fitted for workplaces. Hence, this review and meta-analysis intended to estimate the national pooled prevalence of workplace sexual violence in Ethiopia. Methods The databases used were; PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and African Journals Online. For a critical appraisal of the papers, we used the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument for cross-sectional studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using comprehensive meta-analysis and MetaXL software. Descriptive information of studies was presented in narrative form, and quantitative results were presented in forest plots. The Cochran Q test and I2 test statistics were employed to test heterogeneity across studies. A random-effect model computed the pooled estimate prevalence with 95% confidence intervals. Results The pooled prevalence of workplace sexual violence was 22% (95% CI 17%, 28%). The pooled prevalence was 14.1% (95% CI 10.4%, 18.9%) for attempted rape, 8% (95% CI 5.7%, 11.1%) for rape, and 33.2% (95% CI 24.1%, 43.7%) for sexual harassment. The pooled prevalence was the highest among female university staffs 49% (95% CI 45%, 56%), and among commercial sex workers 28% (95% CI 3%, 59%). Conclusions This analysis revealed that the prevalence of sexual violence and sexual harassment in Ethiopian workplaces is high. It was also exceptionally high among female faculty staff, commercial sex workers, and workplaces in Tigray National regional state. Thus, concerned stakeholders must design and implement effective interventions to prevent workplace sexual violence in workplaces in Ethiopia and provide necessary support and care to the victims.

scholarly journals Two diseases, same person: moving toward a combined HIV and tuberculosis continuum of care

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 873-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Granich ◽  
Somya Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
World Health ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Living With Hiv

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis syndemic remains a global public health threat. Separate HIV and tuberculosis (TB) global targets have been set; however, success will depend on achieving combined disease control objectives and care continua. The objective of this study was to review available policy, budgets, and data to reconceptualize TB and HIV disease control objectives by combining HIV and TB care continua. For 22 World Health Organization (WHO) TB and TB/HIV priority countries, we used 2015 data from the HIV90–90–90watch website, UNAIDS AIDSinfo, and WHO 2016 and 2017 Global TB Reports. Global resources available in TB and HIV/TB activities for 2003–2017 were collected from publicly available sources. In 22 high-burden countries, people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy ranged from 9 to 70%; viral suppression was 38–63%. TB treatment success ranged from 71 to 94% with 14 (81% HIV/TB burden) countries above 80% TB treatment success. From 2003 to 2017, reported global international and domestic resources for HIV-associated TB and TB averaged $2.85 billion per year; the total for 2003–2017 was 43 billion dollars. Reviewing combined HIV and TB targets demonstrate disease control progress and challenges. Using an integrated HIV and TB continuum supports HIV and TB disease control efforts focused on improving both individual and public health.

scholarly journals Cryptococcal antigen carriage among HIV infected children aged 6 months to 15 years at Laquintinie Hospital in Douala

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253781
Author(s):  
Ginette Claude Mireille Kalla ◽  
Josette Farida Mboumnyemb ◽  
Jules Clément Nguedia Assob ◽  
Marcelle Nina Ehouzou Mandeng ◽  
Nelly Kamgaing Noubi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cryptococcal Antigen ◽  
Severe Immunosuppression ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background Up to 15% of deaths of people living with HIV is attributable to meningeal cryptococcosis, with nearly 75% occuring in sub-Saharan Africa. Although rare in children, it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. A strong association between cryptococcal antigenemia and the development of meningeal cryptococcosis has been shown in adults. Thus, in 2018, the World Health Organization published an updated version of its guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of cryptococcal infection in adults, adolescents and the HIV-infected child. Goal To determine the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and to identify its determinants in children infected with HIV. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out at the approved treatment center of Laquintinie hospital in Douala over a period of 4 months. Children were recruited consecutively after informed parental consent. Cryptococcal antigenemia and CD4 assay were performed using a Cryptops® immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test and flow cytometry, respectively. The data collected included the socio-demographic, clinical and paraclinical variables of the children, as well as their antecedents. Data analysis was performed using Epiinfo software version 3.1 and SPSS 21.0. The significance threshold was set at 5%. Results A total of 147 children were enrolled. The mean age was 9.8 ± 4.09 years. The majority were on antiretroviral therapy (142, 96.60%). Only 13 (8.80%) were in severe immunosuppression. No child showed signs of meningeal cryptococcosis. The prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia was 6.12%. Severe immunosuppression [OR: 10.03 (1.52–65.91), p = 0.016] and contact with pigeons [OR: 9.76 (1.14–83.65), p = 0.037] were independent factors significantly associated with the carriage of the cryptococcal antigen. Conclusion We recommend screening for cryptococcal antigenemia and routine treatment with fluconazole of all HIV positive children with cryptococcal antigen whether symptomatic or not.

scholarly journals Knowledge Attitude and Awareness toward People Living with HIV/AIDS among Engineering College Students of Pondicherry, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
S. Lokesh Kumar ◽  
V. Pragadeesh Raja ◽  
M. Jasmine
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unprotected Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a great global public health problem caused by a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system, destroying or impairing their function. In the early stages of infection, the person has no symptoms. HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, transfusion of contaminated blood, through contaminated needles and between a mother and her infant. In 2017, globally, 36.9 million people are living with HIV and 940000 people died from HIV related causes. The total number of people living with HIV in India is estimated at 21.40 lakhs people in 2017. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among college students from engineering colleges in Pondicherry from April 2018 to September 2018. The selection of study subjects was done using simple random sampling. After getting informed consent from the individuals a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was administered. Data were entered on and analysed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. Descriptive statistics were used and results were expressed as proportions.  Results: The majority of the students, about 92.4% had heard about HIV/AIDS, about 92.4% of the participants were aware that HIV can spread through body fluids such as blood, sexual contact, urine. More than half 52.7% of students are aware that migrant workers, lorry drivers, commercial sex workers are high-risk groups for HIV/AIDS. 68.8% of students don’t know their HIV status. 65.2% were not willing to isolate HIV infected people from society. Conclusion: There is an immediate need for more health education and awareness campaign among students about HIV/AIDS. The Ministry of Education found better methods  to deliver the necessary information about HIV/AIDS through the Internet, social media and mobile applications, information hotlines, pamphlets and printed educational  materials.

scholarly journals Regular condom use tends to decrease cervical lesions in resident-commercial sex workers in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Efosa Bolaji Odigie ◽  
Peter Uwadiegwu Achukwu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Commercial Sex ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Commercial Sex Workers ◽  
Behavioural Risk Factors

BACKGROUND<br />Cervical lesions are abnormalities seen in tissues and cells examined from the uterine cervix. These abnormalities are on the increase and are ignored; thereby constituting major health problems in resident commercial sex workers (CSWs) who temporarily reside in brothels for sex business. Hence, we investigated the associations between behavioural risk factors and cervical lesions in resident commercial sex workers. <br /><br />METHODS<br />We conducted a cross-sectional study among 119 resident commercial sex workers using questionnaires as the data gathering tool, liquid-based cytology for cervical lesions screening, and microscopy for examination of slides. Statistical analyses were conducted using Epi- Info™ version 6.4 and STATISTICA (StatSoft, version 5, 2009 Edition, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027 USA). Data were analysed using multivariate and simple logistic regression analyses, while the level of significance was set at p £0.05. <br /><br />RESULTS<br />The behavioural risk factors, like smoking and hard drugs, alcohol intake, commercial sex duration, client’s daily patronage and sex frequency were not significant apart, but regular condom use tends to decrease the cervical lesions in CSWs (OR=0.91;95% C.I. 0.92-1.06), including anal and oral sex (OR = 0.99 (95% C.I. 0.29-3.60). The patterns of cervical lesions further showed acute and chronic cervicitis with a prevalence of 10.1%, including low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS). We recorded 8/12 (66.7%) for acute cervicitis, 4/12 (33.3%) chronic, and 82.4% negative. <br /><br />CONCLUSION<br />We suggest that behavioural risk factors are associated with cervical lesions and that regular condom use tends to decrease cervical lesions among resident CSWs.

scholarly journals HIV Treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: Did bureaucratic headwinds delay access to dolutegravir?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reuben Granich ◽  
Somya Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
National Level ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

IntroductionThe World Health Organization now recommends dolutegravir (DTG) as part of the preferred first-line treatment for all adults living with HIV including women who may become pregnant. The new regimen with its high barrier to resistance, shortened time to suppression, superior side effects profile, and lower health sector and individual costs, represents a significant improvement. The recommendation removes an important obstacle to accessing dolutegravir as an essential element in controlling the epidemic. DiscussionTranslating science to policy to HIV service delivery is complex and vulnerable to significant delays. WHO, assuming a regulatory role, used preliminary Botswana Tsepamo study information regarding neural tube defects to issue a “safety signal” regarding DTG in May 2018. Regulatory evaluations of rare adverse reactions are complex, take time, and require considerable subject area specific expertise. After over a year, the WHO reversed its initial findings and issued revised treatment recommendations. However, the mixed messaging and confusion around dolutegravir’s safety profile has delayed national level adoption. The pace of national adoption of new WHO recommendations is measurable through published national guidelines and/or circulars available in the public domain. After 2015, published guidelines for 22 of 46 sub-Saharan countries (94% of 2018 regional HIV burden) showed that only three countries representing 4% of regional burden have adopted the new WHO preferred 1st line recommendations. ConclusionsMonitoring and evaluating the translation of science to service delivery is a critical element of successful disease control and elimination. The DTG false alarm and ongoing delayed access provides an opportunity to learn valuable lessons and implement corrective actions. However, lessons can only be learned by accurately describing and examining the timeline, processes, and impact of policy decisions that can adversely impact millions of people living with HIV. As with any successful global disease elimination effort or major project, it is important to establish a critical pathway for translation of science to service delivery and hold people and agencies accountable for their roles in accelerating and/or delaying progress.

scholarly journals Knowledge and practices regarding tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
D K Yadav ◽  
N Jhal ◽  
P K Pokhara ◽  
S Nagesh ◽  
S Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Common Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem in many developing countries. More than 2 billion people are infected with TB bacilli and annually around 9 million become infected, 1.7 million die due to this disease. TB is the most common opportunistic infection, leading to the mortality of people living with HIV.Objective: To assess the knowledge and practices of tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS.Method: This study was carried out in Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa district of Eastern Nepal. Face to face interview was performed using convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from people living with HIV/AIDS, related to information on socio-demographic profile, knowledge, practices and risk taking behavior with the help of pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The generated data were entered into Microsoft Excel and SPSS 15.0 and Chi-square was applied for test of significance.Results- The total of 242 subjects were enrolled in the study. Out of them, 75.2% were males and 24.8% females, the age of the respondents varied from 14-65 years. Among them 53.3% were Intra Venus drug users, followed by 17.4% clients of commercial sex workers and housewives (17.4%). Around half (48.8%) of the study population were in the 30-39 yrs age group. The knowledge of tuberculosis disease was satisfactory but in depth knowledge of symptoms was not adequate. Regarding symptoms of TB, it was found that 85% were aware that cough for more than 2 weeks was suggestive of TB, 54% knew of chest pain and 84% knew of haemoptysis. Over the years, perception about tuberculosis has changed, which was shown by our finding, 93% of the respondents knew that TB is curable and 75% knew that anti-tuberculosis drugs provided free of cost under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS). Regarding knowledge of consequences of incomplete treatment, it was found that 17% answered the disease may attack again, and very few (2%) knew that incomplete or discontinued treatment would develop Multi drug resistantance.Conclusion- Our study revealed that knowledge and practices of people living with HIV/AIDS is not adequate. Their knowledge regarding consequences of treatment, and multi drug resisistance was very poor. Thus there is a need for an awareness program regarding tuberculosis - its signs and symptoms, treatment regimen and drug compliance through advocacy, communication and social mobilization.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i2.6578 Health Renaissance 2012; Vol 10 (No.2); 118-125

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