scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of Access to Safe Drinking Water on Children’s Nutritional Status in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Ryota Nakamura ◽  
◽  
Takumi Kondo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

This study analyzed the effects of access to safe drinking water on the nutritional status of children under the age of 59 months in urban and rural areas in Indonesia using the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5. Both piped water and packaged water were considered safe to drink. The descriptive statistics show that children in rural areas typically had insufficient access to safe drinking water and children who consumed safe drinking water had higher short- and long-term nutrition levels. To mitigate selection bias due to the non-random distribution of access to safe drinking water, a matching estimation was used to quantitatively determine the effects of access to safe drinking water on child nutrition. The provision of safe drinking water improved the short- and long-term nutritional status of children in rural areas but had no significant effect to that of children in urban areas. A simulation of this effect on child nutrition shows that in rural areas, improved access to safe drinking water decreases the stunting ratio by 13 percentage points and the wasting ratio by 6.1 percentage points. Additionally, both household income levels and community drinking water prices are important determinants of access to safe drinking water. Therefore, access to safe drinking water is necessary to improve the nutritional status of children in rural Indonesia, and community characteristics contribute to access.

scholarly journals Disparities in the Nutritional Status of Children (0–23 Months) in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 867-867
Author(s):  
Teresia Mbogori
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Social Economic Status ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

Abstract Objectives To determine the social economic and rural/urban disparities in the nutritional status of children aged 0–23 months in Kenya. Methods This study utilized data from the most current Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS), a nationally representative cross-sectional study conducted in 2014. Data from children 0–23 months with complete information on weight, height, age and sex were used for analysis. Height for Age Z scores (HAZ), Weight for Age Z scores (WAZ), Weight for Height Z scores (WHZ), and BMI for Age Z scores (BAZ) were computed using WHO Anthroplus program to determine the nutritional status of the children. Chi square statistics were used to determine the relationship between wealth index, education status of mother, rural/urban residence, gender, and the nutritional status of the children. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Among all participating children aged 0–23 months (n = 7578), 22.7% were stunted (HAZ < −2), 10.7% were underweight (WAZ < −2), 6.2% were wasted (WHZ < −2), and 6.1% were either overweight or obese (BAZ > 2). Wasting, stunting, and underweight were significantly higher in children from rural areas, poorer wealth index and from mothers with no education. In contrast, children from urban areas, from richest wealth index category and from mothers with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to be either overweight or obese. There were no gender differences in all the indicators of malnutrition. Stunting, wasting and underweight were also significantly higher in older children (6–23 months) as compared to the younger children (0–5 months). Conclusions Disparities exist in childhood malnutrition in Kenya with children from low social economic status and those living in rural areas experiencing higher rates of under-nutrition whereas those living in urban areas and those from higher social economic status experiencing higher rates of overweight and obesity. Current and new policies need to address these disparities to ensure that childhood malnutrition continues to improve in all sectors of the society. Funding Sources No funding source.

scholarly journals Consumption of safe drinking water in Pakistan: its dimensions and determinants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naeem Akram
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
At Home

Abstract. Access to clean and safe drinking water is a basic human right. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for drinking water sources and the adoption of water purifying methods at home in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18. It has been found that people living in rural areas, headed by aged ones and having large family sizes are significantly less likely to use safe drinking water sources and households having media exposure, education, women empowerment in household purchases and belonging to the rich segment of society are more likely to use safe drinking water source. Similarly, households belonging to urban areas, having a higher level of awareness (through education and media), belonging to wealthy families, women enjoying a higher level of empowerment and using piped water are more likely to adopt water-purifying methods at home. However, households using water from tube wells, wells, and boreholes and having higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.

scholarly journals Tradable Permits for Controlling Nitrates in Groundwater at the Farm Level: A Conceptual Model

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Morgan ◽  
Jay S. Coggins ◽  
Vernon R. Eidman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Tradable Permits ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Cost

AbstractNitrate contamination of municipal and domestic well water supplies is becoming an increasing problem in many rural and urban areas, raising the cost of providing safe drinking water. The objective of this paper is to describe a marketable permit scheme that can effectively manage nitrate pollution of groundwater supplies for communities in rural areas without hindering agricultural production in watersheds. The key to implementing this scheme is being able to link nitrate leaching from nitrogen fertilizer applied to crops at a farm to nitrate levels measured at a drinking water well.

scholarly journals Food insecurity and socioeconomic, food and nutrition profile of schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas of Picos, Piauí

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jailane de Souza Aquino ◽  
Leopoldina Augusta Souza Sequeira-de-Andrade ◽  
Patrícia Elaine Bellini Alencar da Silva ◽  
Alciene Pacheco da Silva ◽  
Cid Rangel de Sousa Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Municipal Schools ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of food insecurity among schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas of Picos, Piauí associated with the socioeconomic profile of families and their food intake and nutritional status. Methods: Study participants were families with children aged 7-10 years enrolled in municipal schools, totaling 342 families/schoolchildren. The study was conducted at school facilities through interviews with mothers - or guardians - using a questionnaire based on the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale and socioeconomic variables and food frequency questionnaire. The nutritional status of children was assessed using the following indexes: weight/age, height/age and body mass index/age. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity was high and similar for rural and urban areas, 84.3% and 83.3%, respectively. In general, lower income and consumption of untreated water was associated with greater frequency of food insecurity (p≤0.01). In urban areas, higher percentage of food insecurity was associated to lower educational levels (p≤0.05). Dietary intake and nutritional status of schoolchildren were not associated with food insecurity condition of families. Conclusion: The percentage of families at food insecurity, as well as the food consumption and nutritional status of schoolchildren were similar between urban and rural areas, characterized as a homogeneous population in terms of socioeconomic conditions.

scholarly journals Consumption of safe drinking water in Pakistan: its dimensions and determinants

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Naeem Akram
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Piped Water

Abstract. Safe drinking water is one of the basic human needs. Poor quality of drinking water is directly associated with various waterborne diseases. The present study has attempted to analyze the household preferences for drinking water sources and the adoption of household water treatment (HWT) in Pakistan by using the household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018 (PDHS, 2018). This study found that people living in rural areas, those with older heads of household and those with large family sizes are significantly less likely to use water from bottled or filtered water. Households with media exposure, education, women's empowerment in household purchases and high incomes are more likely to use bottled or filtered water. Similarly, households are more likely to adopt HWT in urban areas, when there is a higher level of awareness (through education and media), higher incomes, women enjoy a higher level of empowerment, and piped water is already used. However, households that use water from wells and have higher family sizes are less likely to adopt water purifying methods at home.

scholarly journals Household’s Willingness to Pay for Safe Drinking Water: A Case Study of Abbottabad District

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1137-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirajul Haq ◽  
Usman Mustafa ◽  
Iftikhar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Life ◽  
National Income ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrhoeal Diseases

Drinking water is the basic need of human life. Safe drinking water is an essential component of primary health care and have vital role in poverty alleviation. There is positive correlation between increased national income and the proportion of population with access to improved water supply. An increase of 0.3 percent investment in household access to safe drinking water generates one percent increase in GDP. Whereas, provision of safe drinking water supply is an effective health intervention reduces the mortality caused by water-borne diseases by an average 70 percent. Inadequate drinking water not only resulted in more sickness and deaths, but also augments health costs, lower worker productivity and school enrolment [World Bank (1994)]. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimate 1.8 million people in developing countries die every year from diarrhea and cholera, Out of these 90 percent are children under the age of five years. While 88 percent of diarrhoeal diseases are attributed to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene [WHO (2004)]. The situation is not very different in Pakistan; the access to safe drinking water is estimated to be available to 23.5 percent of population in rural areas and 30 percent in urban areas. While every year 0.2 million children die due to diarrhoeal diseases [Rosemann (2005)].

scholarly journals Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Kang ◽  
Juan Liang ◽  
Chunhua He ◽  
Lei Miao ◽  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
East Central ◽  
West China ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Log Linear

Abstract Background Breastfeeding is vital to children’s lifelong health and reduces costs for families and societies. Basic data on breastfeeding practices in China are crucial for understanding how to advance health-related goals. Methods This was an observational study. We used data from the Under-5 Child Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in China for the period 2013–2018. The prevalence of EIBF and EBF were calculated for each year for urban and rural areas and for East, Central and West China. The Cochran-Armitage test was used to explore the time trends. The annual percent of change (APC) were calculated by log-linear regression followed by exp transformation. Results The prevalence of EIBF and EBF increased significantly from 44.57% (95% CI: 44.07, 45.07) and 16.14% (95% CI: 15.10, 17.18) in 2013 to 55.84% (95% CI: 55.29, 56.38) and 34.90% (95% CI: 33.54, 36.26) in 2018 (Ptrend<0.001). The respective APCs were 4.67% (95% CI: 3.51, 5.85) and 14.90% (95% CI: 9.97, 20.04). Increases were observed in both urban and rural areas, with urban areas showing greater APCs for EIBF (6.05%; 95% CI: 4.22, 7.92 v.s. 2.26%; 95% CI: 1.40, 3.12) and EBF (18.21%; 95% CI: 11.53, 25.29 v.s. 9.43%; 95% CI: 5.52, 13.49). Disparities existed among different geographic regions in China. Conclusion Breastfeeding practices in China are improving in recent years, though with disparities between urban and rural areas and among East, Central and West China. More efforts should be made to protect and promote breastfeeding to achieve near- and long-term goals in child health.

scholarly journals An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1516
Author(s):  
Christiana Eleojo Aruwa ◽  
Yusuf Ola Mukaila ◽  
Abdulwakeel Ayokun-nun Ajao ◽  
Saheed Sabiu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Avoidable Death ◽  
Short And Long Term

Poisoning is the greatest source of avoidable death in the world and can result from industrial exhausts, incessant bush burning, drug overdose, accidental toxication or snake envenomation. Since the advent of Albert Calmette’s cobra venom antidote, efforts have been geared towards antidotes development for various poisons to date. While there are resources and facilities to tackle poisoning in urban areas, rural areas and developing countries are challenged with poisoning management due to either the absence of or inadequate facilities and this has paved the way for phyto-antidotes, some of which have been scientifically validated. This review presents the scope of antidotes’ effectiveness in different experimental models and biotechnological advancements in antidote research for future applications. While pockets of evidence of the effectiveness of antidotes exist in vitro and in vivo with ample biotechnological developments, the utilization of analytic assays on existing and newly developed antidotes that have surpassed the proof of concept stage, as well as the inclusion of antidote’s short and long-term risk assessment report, will help in providing the required scientific evidence(s) prior to regulatory authorities’ approval.

In pursuit of sustainable water solutions in emerging regions

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura R. Brunson ◽  
Lowell W. Busenitz ◽  
David A. Sabatini ◽  
Paul Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Enabling Environment ◽  
Cultural Assessment

While lack of access to consistent safe drinking water is estimated to affect nearly 2 billion people worldwide, many of the efforts to solve this crisis have proven to be unsustainable. This paper discusses some of the reasons for these challenges and suggests interdisciplinary practices that could be integrated from the very beginning of a water intervention to achieve long-term success. Of key importance for sustainable water implementation is an enabling environment that incorporates aspects such as funding, potential for market development, and supportive governance. While this enabling environment is acknowledged, the focus of this work is on the integration of three key areas: (i) social and cultural assessment of behavior and preferences; (ii) market-based implementation approaches that draw on this knowledge; and (iii) technology development for these markets.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document