scholarly journals Disparities in the Nutritional Status of Children (0–23 Months) in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 867-867
Author(s):  
Teresia Mbogori
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Social Economic Status ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

Abstract Objectives To determine the social economic and rural/urban disparities in the nutritional status of children aged 0–23 months in Kenya. Methods This study utilized data from the most current Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS), a nationally representative cross-sectional study conducted in 2014. Data from children 0–23 months with complete information on weight, height, age and sex were used for analysis. Height for Age Z scores (HAZ), Weight for Age Z scores (WAZ), Weight for Height Z scores (WHZ), and BMI for Age Z scores (BAZ) were computed using WHO Anthroplus program to determine the nutritional status of the children. Chi square statistics were used to determine the relationship between wealth index, education status of mother, rural/urban residence, gender, and the nutritional status of the children. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Among all participating children aged 0–23 months (n = 7578), 22.7% were stunted (HAZ < −2), 10.7% were underweight (WAZ < −2), 6.2% were wasted (WHZ < −2), and 6.1% were either overweight or obese (BAZ > 2). Wasting, stunting, and underweight were significantly higher in children from rural areas, poorer wealth index and from mothers with no education. In contrast, children from urban areas, from richest wealth index category and from mothers with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to be either overweight or obese. There were no gender differences in all the indicators of malnutrition. Stunting, wasting and underweight were also significantly higher in older children (6–23 months) as compared to the younger children (0–5 months). Conclusions Disparities exist in childhood malnutrition in Kenya with children from low social economic status and those living in rural areas experiencing higher rates of under-nutrition whereas those living in urban areas and those from higher social economic status experiencing higher rates of overweight and obesity. Current and new policies need to address these disparities to ensure that childhood malnutrition continues to improve in all sectors of the society. Funding Sources No funding source.

scholarly journals Demographic and Social-Economic Determinants of Malnutrition among Children (0-23 Months Old) in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Teresia Mbogori ◽  
◽  
James Muriuki
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Social Economic Status ◽  
Z Scores

Objective: To identify the demographic, social, and economic determinants of malnutrition in Kenya's children aged 0-23 months. Methods: Data from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS), a nationally representative cross-sectional study conducted in 2014/2015, were used in this study. Data from children 0-23 months old with complete information on weight, height, age, and sex were used for analysis. Height for Age Z scores (HAZ), Weight for Height Z scores (WHZ), and BMI for age Z scores (BAZ) was determined using WHO guidelines to determine the nutritional status of the children. Chi-square statistics were used to determine the relationship between social-economic status and place of residence indicators and the nutritional status of the children. Significance was set at p <0.05. Results: Among all participating (n=7578), 22.7% were stunted (HAZ < -2), 6.2% were wasted (WHZ < -2), and 6.1% were either overweight or obese (BAZ > 2). Wasting and stunting were significantly higher in children from rural areas, poorer wealth index, and mothers with no education. In contrast, children from urban areas, the richest wealth index category, and mothers with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to be overweight or obese. Conclusion: Current and future policies and programs to curb malnutrition in Kenya need to target specific needs of children based on their social-economic status, area of residence, and other demographic characteristics that were identified as determinants of child malnutrition instead of using a general approach.

scholarly journals Does living in an urban environment confer advantages for childhood nutritional status? Analysis of disparities in nutritional status by wealth and residence in Angola, Central African Republic and Senegal

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Kennedy ◽  
Guy Nantel ◽  
Inge D Brouwer ◽  
Frans J Kok
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Poor Children

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between childhood undernutrition and poverty in urban and rural areas.DesignAnthropometric and socio-economic data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in Angola-Secured Territory (Angola ST), Central African Republic and Senegal were used in this analysis. The population considered in this study is children 0–59 months, whose records include complete anthropometric data on height, weight, age, gender, socio-economic level and urban or rural area of residence. In addition to simple urban/rural comparisons, the population was stratified using a wealth index based on living conditions and asset ownership to compare the prevalence, mean Z-score and odds ratios for stunting and wasting.ResultsIn all cases, when using a simple urban/rural comparison, the prevalence of stunting was significantly higher in rural areas. However, when the urban and rural populations were stratified using a measure of wealth, the differences in prevalence of stunting and underweight in urban and rural areas of Angola ST, Central African Republic and Senegal disappeared. Poor children in these urban areas were just as likely to be stunted or underweight as poor children living in rural areas. The odds ratio of stunting in the poorest compared with the richest quintile was 3.4, 3.2 and 1.5 in Angola ST, Senegal and Central African Republic, respectively.ConclusionsThis paper demonstrates that simple urban/rural comparisons mask wide disparities in subgroups according to wealth. There is a strong relationship between poverty and chronic undernutrition in both urban and rural areas; this relationship does not change simply by living in an urban environment. However, urban and rural living conditions and lifestyles differ, and it is important to consider these differences when designing programmes and policies to address undernutrition.

scholarly journals Association Between Happiness and Objective/Subjective Economic Status Among Older Adults in Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Sasaki ◽  
Yugo Shobugawa ◽  
Ikuma Nozaki ◽  
Daisuke Takagi ◽  
Yuiko Nagamine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Household Asset ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract BackgroundFew studies have examined whether objective or subjective economic status (ES) has a greater effect on the happiness of older adults in developing countries with ageing populations. This study examined whether objective/subjective economic status (ES) is associated with happiness in older adults in Myanmar.MethodA multistage, random sampling procedure and face-to-face interviews were conducted in urban and rural areas in Myanmar. The happiness of 1,200 participants aged 60+ was evaluated using a single happiness score of 0 (very unhappy) to 10 (very happy). The wealth index, used as an objective economic indicator, was calculated from household asset items. Subjective economic status was assessed by asking “Which of the following best describes your current financial situation in light of general economic conditions?” The possible responses ranged from (1) very difficult to (5) very comfortable. ResultsThe mean happiness score was lower among participants with low objective and subjective ES than among those with medium or high objective ES (6.24 versus 6.80 points, p < 0.001) and average or higher subjective ES (5.62 versus 6.83 points, p < 0.001), respectively. Both low objective and subjective ES were negatively associated with happiness after adjusting for confounding variables (B: -0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.69, -0.13 and B: -0.71, 95% CI: -1.00, -0.42, respectively) and stratification by region (low objective ES, urban: B: -0.52, 95% CI: -1.03, -0.02; low subjective ES, urban: B: -0.50, 95% CI: -0.96, -0.03; low objective ES, rural: B: -0.37, 95% CI: -0.73, -0.02; and low subjective ES, rural: B: -0.80, 95% CI: -1.18, -0.41). ConclusionsIn Myanmar, both objective and subjective ES might influence happiness among older adults. Although they had a similar impact on happiness in urban areas, subjective ES had a stronger impact in rural areas. Interventions for promoting happiness in older adults should consider differences in how objective/subjective ES impacts happiness in different regions, and focus should be placed not only on improving objective ES but also subjective ES in society.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of Access to Safe Drinking Water on Children’s Nutritional Status in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Ryota Nakamura ◽  
◽  
Takumi Kondo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

This study analyzed the effects of access to safe drinking water on the nutritional status of children under the age of 59 months in urban and rural areas in Indonesia using the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5. Both piped water and packaged water were considered safe to drink. The descriptive statistics show that children in rural areas typically had insufficient access to safe drinking water and children who consumed safe drinking water had higher short- and long-term nutrition levels. To mitigate selection bias due to the non-random distribution of access to safe drinking water, a matching estimation was used to quantitatively determine the effects of access to safe drinking water on child nutrition. The provision of safe drinking water improved the short- and long-term nutritional status of children in rural areas but had no significant effect to that of children in urban areas. A simulation of this effect on child nutrition shows that in rural areas, improved access to safe drinking water decreases the stunting ratio by 13 percentage points and the wasting ratio by 6.1 percentage points. Additionally, both household income levels and community drinking water prices are important determinants of access to safe drinking water. Therefore, access to safe drinking water is necessary to improve the nutritional status of children in rural Indonesia, and community characteristics contribute to access.

scholarly journals Child Malnutrition and Feeding Practices in Malawi

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyovani Janet Madise ◽  
Mabel Mpoma
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children ◽  
Weight For Age

The 1992 Malawi and Demographic Health Survey data are used to assess the association between breast-feeding practices, socio-economic and morbidity variables, and the nutritional status of children under the age of five years using multilevel models. About 27% of under-five children in Malawi are underweight, and nearly 50% are stunted. The results of this study suggest that socio-economicfactors, morbidity, and inappropriate feeding practices are some of the factors associated with malnutrition in Malawi. High socio-economic status, as measured by urban residence, the presence of modern amenities, and some maternal education, is associated with better nutritional status, whereas morbidity within two weeks before the survey is associated with low weight-for-age Z scores. Breast-feeding is almost universal and is carried on for about 21 months, but the introduction of complementary food starts much too early; only 3% of Malawian children under the age of 4 months are exclusively breastfed. Children aged 12 months or older who were still breastfeeding at the time of the survey were of lower nutritional status than those who had stopped breastfeeding. The analysis also showed a significant intra-family correlation of weight-for-age Z scores of children of the same family of about 39%.

scholarly journals Food insecurity and socioeconomic, food and nutrition profile of schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas of Picos, Piauí

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jailane de Souza Aquino ◽  
Leopoldina Augusta Souza Sequeira-de-Andrade ◽  
Patrícia Elaine Bellini Alencar da Silva ◽  
Alciene Pacheco da Silva ◽  
Cid Rangel de Sousa Vieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Municipal Schools ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of food insecurity among schoolchildren living in urban and rural areas of Picos, Piauí associated with the socioeconomic profile of families and their food intake and nutritional status. Methods: Study participants were families with children aged 7-10 years enrolled in municipal schools, totaling 342 families/schoolchildren. The study was conducted at school facilities through interviews with mothers - or guardians - using a questionnaire based on the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale and socioeconomic variables and food frequency questionnaire. The nutritional status of children was assessed using the following indexes: weight/age, height/age and body mass index/age. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity was high and similar for rural and urban areas, 84.3% and 83.3%, respectively. In general, lower income and consumption of untreated water was associated with greater frequency of food insecurity (p≤0.01). In urban areas, higher percentage of food insecurity was associated to lower educational levels (p≤0.05). Dietary intake and nutritional status of schoolchildren were not associated with food insecurity condition of families. Conclusion: The percentage of families at food insecurity, as well as the food consumption and nutritional status of schoolchildren were similar between urban and rural areas, characterized as a homogeneous population in terms of socioeconomic conditions.

scholarly journals Assessment of the nutritional status and factor associated with children under 5 in remote areas at Don Duong district, Lam Dong province.

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trần Thị Hải ◽  
Ngô Thanh Thảo
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Sick Child ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Social Economic Status ◽  
Children Under 5

A cross-sectional study established the nutritional status (wasted status) and factors associated with children under 5 years old living in remote areas, Don Duong district, Lam Dong province, 2019. The results showed: the percentage of underweight was 19.3%. There are several factors associated with the nutritional status included: Iron-folic tablet consumption, social-economic status of family, birth weight, breastfeeding, vitamin A consumption, sick child nursing.

scholarly journals Geographic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Nutritional Status of Women in Pakistan: Secondary Analysis from Pakistan National Nutrition Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamran Sadiq ◽  
Bushra Mahmood ◽  
Sumra Kureishy ◽  
Shabina Ariff ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Nutrition Survey

Abstract Background: Pakistan is experiencing a rapid nutrition transition with a shift from underweight to overweight and obesity. This paper will examine the role of household socioeconomic position (SEP), community SEP and urbanicity on the nutritional status (underweight, overweight and obesity) of Pakistani women. Methods: We analysed data on 34,391 women aged ≥20 years enrolled in 2011 National Nutritional Survey of Pakistan (NNS). The NNS is a nationally representative survey employing a multistage stratified cluster sampling design. We assessed household SEP through a wealth index constructed using items from household possessions, utilities and housing conditions. We assessed the relationship of urbanicity, household and community SEP with categories of body mass index (BMI) using multinomial logistic regression where normal BMI (18.6-22.5 kg/m 2 ) was the reference category. Results: Overall, 15% of women were underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m 2 ), 14% were pre-overweight (BMI 23.00-24.9 kg/m 2 ), 22% were overweight (BMI 25.0-29.99 kg/m 2 ) and 12% were obese (BMI≥30.0 kg/m 2 ). Households with higher SEP were associated with increased levels of overweight-1 (aOR: 2.91; 95%CI: 2.41-3.50), overweight-2 (aOR: 4.15; 95%CI: 3.31-5.19) and obesity (aOR: 6.20; 95%CI: 4.92-7.81) among women. Women were more likely to be obese in major urban (aOR: 2.34; 95%CI: 2.02-2.71) and urban (aOR: 1.84; 95%CI: 1.62-2.09) areas compared to rural areas. At the community level, communities in rural areas were more likely to have higher levels of underweight, while communities in urban areas were more likely to have higher levels of obesity. Furthermore, the likelihood of underweight and overweight women coexisting within the same community was low in major urban (r=0.67), urban (r=0.55) and rural (r=0.54) areas. Conclusions: In Pakistan, overweight and obesity among women is associated with urbanicity and household and community SEP. Women living in urban areas with high household and community SEP were associated with higher levels of overweight and obesity. Our findings suggest the importance of interventions targeting undernutrition in rural areas and overnutrition in urban areas.

scholarly journals Rural–Urban Differences in the Factors Affecting Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults of Two Regions in Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2818
Author(s):  
Yuri Sasaki ◽  
Yugo Shobugawa ◽  
Ikuma Nozaki ◽  
Daisuke Takagi ◽  
Yuiko Nagamine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
School Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle School Level

The aim of the study was to investigate rural–urban differences in depressive symptoms in terms of the risk factors among older adults of two regions in Myanmar to provide appropriate intervention for depression depending on local characteristics. This cross-sectional study, conducted between September and December, 2018, used a multistage sampling method to recruit participants from the two regions, for face-to-face interviews. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Depressive symptoms were positively associated with living in rural areas (B = 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12,0.72), female (B = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.31,0.79), illness during the preceding year (B = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.45,0.91) and non-Buddhist religion (B = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.001,1.15) and protectively associated with education to middle school level or higher (B = −0.61; 95% CI: −0.94, −0.28) and the frequency of visits to religious facilities (B = −0.20; 95% CI: −0.30, −0.10). In women in urban areas, depressive symptoms were positively associated with illness during the preceding year (B = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.20) and protectively associated with education to middle school level or higher (B = −0.67; 95% CI: −1.23, −0.11), middle or high wealth index (B = −0.92; 95% CI: −1.59, −0.25) and the frequency of visits to religious facilities (B = −0.20; 95% CI: −0.38, −0.03). In men in rural areas, illness during the preceding year was positively associated with depressive symptoms (B = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.33, 1.42). In women in rural areas, depressive symptoms were positively associated with illness during the preceding year (B = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.30) and protectively associated with primary education (B = −0.62; 95% CI: −1.12, −0.12) and the frequency of visits to religious facilities (B = −0.44; 95% CI: −0.68, −0.21). Religion and wealth could have different levels of association with depression between older adults in the urban and rural areas and men and women. Interventions for depression in older adults should consider regional and gender differences in the roles of religion and wealth in Myanmar.

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