scholarly journals Gender Disparities in Tanzania: Legal Framework Vis-a Vis Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 679-690
Author(s):  
Sr.Ester JohnKilatu ◽  
Daniel Kulwa
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Writing Practices ◽  
Marriage Laws ◽  
Health Rights ◽  
International Conventions

Gender disparities exist since antiquity. There has been inequality based solely on gender in various aspects of life usually in favour of men. Such inequalities are evident in employment, earning, education, leadership, land ownership, language use, religion, health rights and decision making. Tanzania like any other countries has incorporated gender in various legal instruments, policies, institutions and various strategies that have been employed to replicate gender gap in the country. It has been noted that life has been stratified by system of oppression and privileges. Throughout history women have been confined to uninvisible, unpaid and undervalued work. 1Accordingly, we cannot eliminate gender disparities unless the community is convinced and ready to embrace new practices. Furthermore, it has been observed that Tanzania has undergone major legal reforms to mitigate gender disparities. The Land legal regime provide for women safeguard, though such right cannot be realized as patriarchal practices places women to a disadvantaged position, besides, inheritance and marriage laws are still weak and discriminate against women thus, diversely affect their land rights. It is recommended that ‘will’ writing practices and willingness of the court to honor and enforce the law may mitigate the problem since reform on inheritance law has been proved ineffective. Therefore, this article discusses the patterns of disparities in the legal framework concerning women vis-a vis its practices blatantly inconsistent with the principles of equality and non-discrimination and the spirit of the constitution and international conventions which Tanzania signed without reservation.

scholarly journals PROTECTION OF THE AFRICAN LION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Watts
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
African Lion ◽  
State Boundaries ◽  
African Lions

This article looks at the current international regime that pertains to the African lion, a species that needs adequate protection across its range (a range that does not adhere to state boundaries). This analysis comes at a time when threats such as habitat and prey loss, retaliatory killing, trophy hunting and trade, are all impacting the remaining populations of African lions. The species is in danger of rapid population decline and possible extinction in the near future. Two decades ago there was an abundance of African lions, roughly 100 000, on the continent. But at present there are less than 32 000, while some believe there to be as little as 15 000 left. This decline is mainly due to the threats noted above. African lions are currently listed as "vulnerable" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. This listing is being contested by commentators who believe that the species now requires an "endangered" status. African lion populations, and the threats to the species, extend across state boundaries. Therefore, international law is of particular importance in providing conservation and protection measures to the species. Creating conservation obligations at a global level allows for more uniform action, implementation and enforcement of legislation at regional and local levels. Therefore this article looks at each threat to African lion populations in detail and then assesses the international legal regime pertaining to each of these threats, and whether that regime is adequate. The Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance are but some of the international instruments that are analysed. This article outlines the arguments that the international legal framework is not acceptable for the protection of the species, and addresses both the positive and negative aspects of this regime. It is found that the international legal regime for the African lion is in fact not effective in achieving the protection and survival of the species. Some changes are recommended, and the best way forward through an international legal lens is outlined. The security and viability of the African lion is uncertain, and legal protection of the species needs to be clear to start ensuring their survival in the future. With the increase in threats to the species and African lions already regionally endangered in some parts of Africa, it is obvious that some legal changes need to be made to ensure greater protection of the African lion at an international level.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Government Programs & Policies to Eradicate Gender Disparities in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (III) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Minahil Nawaz ◽  
Atif Bilal Aslam ◽  
Fariha Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Many ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Like many other developing nations, Pakistan is also facing a gender gap in its socio-cultural spheres. Since independence, many programs and policies have been made in public and private sector domains to eradicate these gender disparities. This paper aims to evaluate these programs and policies by encountering their salient features and how far these programs and policies proved to be fruitful in bridging this gap. The evaluation is done majorly through a desk review of the secondary data drawn from reports published by different government and local organizations. Mainly, the qualitative methods of content and thematic analyses were employed for exploring the gender-based disparities, and how these are affecting the pace of development in Pakistan. Moreover, an assessment of strategies and policies addressing the problem of the gender gap has also been done. Based on the study findings, this paper presents some policy recommendations to reduce gender base disparities which is one of the many prerequisites for the promotion of sustainable development agenda as gender equality is the 5th goal of the United Nations sustainable development agenda.

PROTECTION OF ELDERLY PARENTS IN BANGLADESH: AN EVALUATION OF RELEVANT GUIDELINES

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ((S2)) ◽  
pp. 221-248
Author(s):  
Mst. Rezwana Karim
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
International Conventions

This study aims to evaluate the provisions concerning the protection of elderly parents in the international and national legal framework and also in major religious scriptures in the context of Bangladesh. Based on the secondary sources of information, the study has observed that in spite of ample provisions, parents are not fully protected from abuse. Besides international conventions, the Parents’ Maintenance Act (PMA) 2013 and Islamic principles concerning parents are the key sources providing sufficient guidance for the protection of elderly parents in the Muslim majority Bangladesh. Although there are provisions of punishment for failing to provide parents’ maintenance in the existing law, very little improvement is observed concerning their maintenance. This study suggests the incorporation of the provision to enforce children to return the property of their parent, in the event they failed or declined to take care of their elderly parents. The study has emphasized the need to increase awareness pertaining to maintenance and related laws amongst citizens through mass campaigns. The further initiative should be undertaken to ignite the young generation with religious and moral values. Early implementation of the PMA’s draft rule is suggested for the assurance of parent’s maintenance in Bangladesh. 

Abstract P320: Gender Disparities in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Control for Secondary Prevention Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): Does Having a Caregiver Matter?

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gmerice Hammond ◽  
Heidi Mochari-Greenberger ◽  
Ming Liao ◽  
Lori Mosca
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽  
Multivariable Adjustment ◽  
Statin Use

Background: Despite the proven benefits of lipid lowering therapy for the prevention of recurrent CHD, research has consistently shown that women are less likely than men to be at established LDL targets. The reasons for the gender gap remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that having a caregiver is independently associated with adherence to Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III LDL goals for secondary prevention, and to determine if the association varies by gender. Methods: We studied 2190 consecutive patients admitted to the cardiac service of an academic medical center as part of the NHLBI sponsored Family Cardiac Caregiver Investigation To Evaluate Outcomes (FIT-O) Study (93% participation rate). Patients with CHD or equivalent, and a documented LDL within 12 months of admission were included in this analysis (58% white, 66% male, mean age 67 yrs). Caregiver status was assessed by a standardized interviewer-assisted questionnaire and was classified as either paid (nurse/home aide) or informal (family member/friend). Lipid levels and statin use were obtained from a hospital-based informatics system and medical chart review. ATP III targets were classified as target (LDL<100 mg/dL) and aggressive target (LDL<70 mg/dL). The associations between caregiving and LDL were assessed using chi square statistics, overall and stratified by gender. Multivariable regression was used to adjust for confounders (age, marital status, race, gender, health insurance, statin use, comorbidities). Results: Males with CHD were more likely than females with CHD to be at target LDL <100 [79% (1149/1446) vs 69% (515/744) respectively; p=0.0001], and at LDL<70 [48% (688/1446) vs 36% (271/744); p<0.0001]. The prevalence of caregiving overall was 40% (N= 879/2190; 13% paid; 27% informal only), and did not differ by gender. Having an informal caregiver was significantly associated with LDL<70 (OR=1.35; 95%CI=1.07-1.70), and this remained significant after multivariable adjustment for confounders (OR=1.25; 95% CI=1.00-1.56). The association between caregiving and LDL<100 did not reach significance (OR=1.20; 95% CI=0.95-1.51). In stratified analysis, men with an informal caregiver were more likely than men without a caregiver to have an LDL<70 (OR=1.35; 95%CI=1.07-1.70); this remained significant after multivariable adjustment for confounders, including statin use (OR=1.37; 95%CI=1.04-1.80). The relation between caregiving and LDL control was not significant among women. Conclusion: Men with CHD were more likely to be at ATP III targets LDL <70 and <100 mg/dL than women with CHD. Having an informal caregiver was a significant predictor of being at aggressive target LDL <70mg/dL among men but not among women, even after adjustment for confounders. The potential role of caregiving as a novel contributor to gender disparities in LDL control deserves further study.

Gender inequities in the online dissemination of scholars’ work

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (39) ◽  
pp. e2102945118
Author(s):  
Orsolya Vásárhelyi ◽  
Igor Zakhlebin ◽  
Staša Milojević ◽  
Emőke-Ágnes Horvát
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Scientific Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Coauthorship Networks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Unbiased science dissemination has the potential to alleviate some of the known gender disparities in academia by exposing female scholars’ work to other scientists and the public. And yet, we lack comprehensive understanding of the relationship between gender and science dissemination online. Our large-scale analyses, encompassing half a million scholars, revealed that female scholars’ work is mentioned less frequently than male scholars’ work in all research areas. When exploring the characteristics associated with online success, we found that the impact of prior work, social capital, and gendered tie formation in coauthorship networks are linked with online success for men, but not for women—even in the areas with the highest female representation. These results suggest that while men’s scientific impact and collaboration networks are associated with higher visibility online, there are no universally identifiable facets associated with success for women. Our comprehensive empirical evidence indicates that the gender gap in online science dissemination is coupled with a lack of understanding the characteristics that are linked with female scholars’ success, which might hinder efforts to close the gender gap in visibility.

ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES FOR PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION IN THE BODIES OF THE NATIONAL POLICE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Marian Hurkovskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Theoretical Aspect ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
National Police

The administrative measures for preventing corruption in the system of the National Police are investigated. The category �legal measures� in the context of modern scientific thought is considered in the theoretical aspect. The normative and legal framework for preventing corruption in the National Police is analyzed. During the analysis, the need to develop the institution of administrative measures for preventing corruption as the most widely used legal means in the system of preventing corruption in terms of international instruments in this field is substantiated. The significance of legal prohibitions and legal incentives in the system of administrative measures is revealed. Administrative measures for preventing corruption in the National Police bodies form a legal regime that is special in relation to the general administrative and legal regime of the public service and can be characterized as an ordinary, permanent, mostly prohibitive administrative and legal regime for preventing corruption in the National Police. The specificity of the administrative and legal regime for the prevention of corruption is defined by the formation of general provisions addressed to all public officials and special rules addressed exclusively to the police. The effectiveness of the administrative and legal regime is determined by a number of factors due to anti-corruption standards. The importance of anti-corruption standards for administrative measures of preventing corruption in the bodies, services and units of the National Police and the need of their development depending on the specifics of the unit are determined. Conceptual tasks of improving administrative measures for preventing corruption in the National Police are formulated.

Will We Ever Close the Gender Gap Among Top Mathematics Achievers? Analysis of Recent Trends by Race in Advanced Placement (AP) Exams

2021 ◽  
pp. 016235322110445
Author(s):  
A. Kadir Bahar
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Placement ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Women In Science ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Ap Calculus ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
And Mathematics

Analyzing the test scores of more than 10,000,000 students who participated in the Advanced Placement (AP) math exams from 1997 to 2019, this study examined the direction and magnitude of the trend in gender disparity by race in participation in and top achievement on AP Calculus AB, Calculus BC, and Statistics exams. The results of this study indicated that, in general, females’ representation in all three AP exams increased significantly. Although the findings indicated that the female-to-male ratios (FMRs) in participation in the AP math exams increased significantly from 1997 to 2019 and favored females for all races, the gender disparities among top achievers for all math exams are still substantial. The relationships between the FMRs in participation and top achievement for all AP math exams were also analyzed within races, and the possible impacts of these findings within the context of the underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields were also discussed.

1 History and Sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henckaerts Jean-Marie
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
Law Of Armed Conflict ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
The Military

This introductory chapter provides an overview of international humanitarian law (IHL), which is also known as the international law of armed conflict, or simply law of armed conflict (LOAC) or law of war. The rules and principles of IHL seek to limit the effects of armed conflict and at its core, IHL aims to preserve a sense of humanity in time of war. At the same time, IHL has been developed to regulate the social reality that is armed conflict. As such, in order to provide a realistic, and hence useful, legal framework, IHL must also take into account the military needs of parties to an armed conflict in their pursuit of defeating the adversary. The development of particular treaties and specific rules of IHL over time reflects the exercise of finding the correct balance between these humanitarian and military considerations. As a branch of international law, IHL is subject to the general rules of international law, such as those related to sources, treaty interpretation, and state responsibility. The sources of international law are set out in article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. This provision lists international conventions, international custom, and general principles of law as the main sources of international law in accordance with which the Court is to decide disputes submitted to it.

scholarly journals On some problems of the legal regime of unauthorized construction objects

2018 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 09002
Author(s):  
Vera Kudryavtseva ◽  
Natalia Vasileva
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Type Of Land Use

In real socio-economic conditions, unauthorized construction is a phenomenon quite common in contemporary society. Construction remains the main type of land use and planning of the populated areas, especially in the prevailing conditions, when every year the population in large cities of Russia is growing, which leads to a steady expansion of borders and an increase in the area occupied by cities. At the same time, in the absence of a clear, proper urban planning, and the development of urban and rural settlements, the number of buildings being built illegally will increase. In order to prevent the growth of the number of such construction projects, there is a clear legal framework that regulates the concept and consequences of unauthorized actions to create or change real estate objects. When carrying out repairs, modernization, reconstruction, or construction of real estate objects, certain conditions and approvals are required; otherwise, the building can be recognized as unauthorized and become subjected to further liquidation. In order to reduce the practice of unauthorized construction and reduce corruption risks, it is necessary to toughen the interpretation of the concept of unauthorized construction and through the introduction of an unambiguous civil law regulation, especially in the conditions of securing ownership over the objects of such origin.

scholarly journals Differences at the Extremes? Gender, National Contexts, and Math Performance in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 1290-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Liu ◽  
Andrea Alvarado-Urbina ◽  
Emily Hannum
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Math Performance ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Performance Distribution ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Latin American Countries

Studies of gender disparities in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) performance have generally focused on average differences. However, the extremes could also be important because disparities at the top may shape stratification in access to STEM careers, while disparities at the bottom can shape stratification in dropout. This article investigates determinants of gender disparities in math across the performance distribution in Latin American countries, where there is a persistent boys’ advantage in STEM performance. Findings reveal disparate national patterns in gender gaps across the performance distribution. Furthermore, while certain national characteristics are linked to gender gaps at the low- and middle-ranges of the performance distribution, female representation in education is the only characteristic associated with a reduced gender gap at the top level.

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