Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Michela Coletta
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Multiple Modernities ◽  
Analytical Foundation ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

The introduction starts by defining the theoretical framework in the context of recent and current debates on ‘multiple modernities’, which often fail to include Latin America. This section then moves on to discuss the relevance of and relation between key categories, primarily those of ‘civilisation’ and ‘decadence’ − which were increasingly used in association with each other − with respect to the more recent notion of degeneration which provided them with a scientific analytical foundation. In the late nineteenth-century, many started to feel that ‘modern civilisation’ carried within itself the danger of deviance, especially as the medical model of social analysis became established. I discuss here how these debates culminated in the years between the mid-1890s and the early 1900s, when the process of nation-building and economic prosperity reached its peak in the Southern Cone as the rapid changes that had taken place during the previous two decades became consolidated. Among the main consequences were the growth of the urban population and the consequent rise of the so-called ‘social question’. It was during this time that the need to rethink how the idea of civilisation should be approached acquired for the first time such huge prominence in Latin America.

The Wolfe Sisters of Foochow, China

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-182
Author(s):  
Frances Slater
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Women ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Christian Women ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Maternal Grandfather ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time ◽  
Three Sisters

In the late nineteenth century after schooling in England, three sisters returned to their birthplace, Fuzhou, China to become CMS missionaries. They were the daughters of the “Fukien Moses,” Archdeacon J. R. Wolfe and his wife Mary, and cousins of the author’s maternal grandfather. Letters written by Minnie, Annie and Amy Wolfe to CMS Headquarters in London, for the first time, tell the story of the scope and nature of their interaction with Chinese women and girls in a significant cultural exchange. This particularly occurred through CMS schools, which, using Fujian dialects, provided grounding in Christianity, reading and writing. In addition, the sisters acknowledge their personal dependence upon, and valuing of Chinese Christian women with whom they worked. Born to evangelise, Annie once wrote “In spite of anxieties and disappointments this is the happiest work anyone could wish for.”

‘We must send you a sample’—a Persian–European dialogue: insights into late nineteenth-century ceramic technology based on chemical analysis of tiles from the Ettehadieh house complex, Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moujan Matin ◽  
Mohammad Gholamnejad ◽  
Ali Nemati Abkenar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Technological Information ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

This paper focuses on the production technology of late nineteenth-century tiles from the Ettehadieh House Complex in Tehran, Iran. It makes use of the opportunity to provide for the first time the results of chemical and microstructural analyses of late nineteenth-century tiles selected directly from context and with known provenance. The paper integrates the results of chemical study of the Ettehadieh tiles with other available technological information on nineteenth-century Persian tiles, including chemical analyses of signed tiles and samples of pigments, as well as the study of the treatise of a certain Persian potter, ‘Ali Mohammad Isfahani, to suggest processes of materials procurement and manufacture. These processes are used as evidence to discuss trade and technological interactions between Iran and Europe in the nineteenth century.

Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-549
Author(s):  
H. Glenn Penny
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Cultural Hybridity ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Great Insight ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractFrom the late nineteenth century through the interwar period, the production and consumption of German things played critical roles in delineating and connecting a wide variety of German places in Latin America. Such places became ubiquitous in Chile and Argentina. They flourished because there was ample room in the German imagination for the multiplicity of German places and the cultural hybridity that accompanied them to extend beyond Imperial Germany's national boundaries and colonial possessions. They also flourished because host societies found virtue in having those German places in their states. This essay uses German schools in Argentina and Chile as a window into the emergence of such German places and the soft power that accompanied them. Scholars often overlook that power when they focus on colonial questions or formal and informal imperialism in Latin America. More than any other institution, German schools became sites where the production and consumption of German things were concentrated and multilayered, and where the consistencies and great varieties of Germanness that arrived and evolved in Latin America gained their clearest articulation. Because those schools were both centers of communities and nodes in a global pedagogical network that thrived during the interwar period, they provide us with great insight into a nexus of motivations that created German places in Latin America. Life around these schools also underscores the importance of studying immigrants and their things together.

Entrepreneurial Traditionalism in Nineteenth-Century France: A Study of the Patronage industriel des enfants de l'ébénisterie

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Shai Weissbach
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Furniture Industry ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Entrepreneurial Attitudes ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

The late nineteenth century was a critical epoch in the history of French industry. During this period, many French industrialists adopted, for the first time, entrepreneurial attitudes towards business. At the same time, however, traditional skilled trades continued to play an important role in the national economy. In this article, Professor Weissbach explores the attitudes and practices of nineteenth-century entrepreneurs in the French luxury trade. By focusing specifically on the Patronage industriel des enfants de l'ébénisterie—an organization established to assist, educate, and moralize children apprentices in the French furniture industry—Weissbach reveals that traditional and entrepreneurial attitudes and practices coexisted throughout the nineteenth century.

The Opium Trade in Szechwan 1881 to 1911

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A.M. Adshead
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western China ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Developing Economy ◽  
Opium Trade ◽  
Opium Production ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

This paper examines three aspects of the Opium trade in Szechwan from 1881, when for the first time there is evidence that China consumed as much native as foreign opium and that Szechwan was both the largest producer and consumer, until 1911, when the cultivation of the poppy was completely suppressed in the province as a result of the vigorous imperial campaign against the trade. It will consider first, the demand for opium who smoked it and why; second, the production of opium, how it fitted into and contributed toward the economy of the province; finally, the character of the suppression campaign of 1906–1911 as it affected Szechwan will be considered. The conclusions of the paper may be summarised as follows. (1) While the expansion of the opium habit in Szechwan, as in the rest of China, had no one cause, in Szechwan it has for its background a prospering society whose values and accepted goals had not kept pace with its economic expansion, a society which provided increasing wealth and leisure on the one hand, but only limited opportunities for socially approved spending on the other. (2) The rapid expansion of opium production in late nineteenth century Szechwan was part of the development of a market economy both within the province and in its relations with the rest of China. (3) The opium suppression campaign, because it undermined a developing economy, was much less popular in Western China than it was in the east, and contributed to the widespread unrest in those parts, which in turn led to the revolution of 1911.

Sir Ernest Satow, Japan and Asia: the trials of a diplomat in the age of high imperialism

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Brailey
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Character ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Public Record ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

AbstractThis is an article highlighting the limitations of Lord Salisbury as foreign secretary in an age when foreign policy was for the first time taking on a truly global character, and yet its practitioners still possessed a rather parochial, almost exclusively European experience, and distrusted ‘experts’. It was of course the late nineteenth-century spread of European imperialism that first called for such global policy making, and thus most of this Europe-dominated world was still for the time being quite susceptible to a Eurocentric approach.But if any area was the exception it was eastern Asia, in due course to be mainly responsible for decline of Western imperial world hegemony. And in the vanguard of this counter-challenge was to be Japan, a country with which Salisbury personally was to find himself all at sea. By contrast, Ernest Satow, more than any other figure of his time, found the key to Japan, and it is a sign of how poorly general Western understanding of that country has progressed since then that his voluminous diaries and papers sit in the Public Record Office, still largely untouched by researchers.

On Being in Time: Modern African Elites and the Historical Challenge to Claims for Alternative and Multiple Modernities

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
Alternative Modernities ◽  
Multiple Modernities ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter examines the ways in which African elites define their relation to the Europe with which they were confronted by the settlers in both appreciative and combative terms. It considers how scholars might use the idea of temporality — identified by both C. A. Bayly and Peter Wagner as being central to a subject's experience of modernity — to engage critically in debates about what Shmuel Eisenstadt has called ‘multiple modernities’ and Dilip Gaonkar has referred to as ‘alternative modernities’. Drawing on a specific historical case, involving a group of Christianised African elites in colonial South Africa from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, the chapter demonstrates the importance of temporality as a dimension of what it meant to be modern.

Conveying Ćeif: Three Croatian Folklore and Folklife Writings on Bosniak Coffee Culture

Folklorica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Dorian Jurić
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time ◽  
By Products

This article presents three short passages describing coffee and coffeehouse culture among Bosnian and Herzegovinian Muslims in the late nineteenth century. These texts are drawn from manuscripts collected by lay, Croatian folklore and folklife collectors who submitted them to two early collecting projects in Zagreb. The pieces are translated here for the first time into English and placed into historical and cultural context regarding the history of coffee culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the wider Ottoman Empire as well as the politics of folklore collection at the time. By using the Pan-Ottoman concept of ćeif as a theoretical lens, I argue that these early folklorists produced impressive folklife accounts of Bosniak foodways, but that these depictions inevitably enfolded both genuine interest and negative by-products of the wider politics of their era.

scholarly journals "strident effects of instant sophistication": New Zealand architecture in the 1890s

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Christine McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Boer War ◽  
The North ◽  
Queen Victoria ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

Stacpoole and Beaven describe the late nineteenth-century work of New Zealand architects as "exuberant and eclectic, casting aside any earlier notions of simplicity to create strident effects of instant sophistication." It is a decade generally recognised in New Zealand history as an ambitious one and was a time of social and political experimentation and progress including "the entrepreneurial state ... liquor laws ... cheap land for development, [the] management of the effects of capitalism and competition ... an old age pension ... and the exclusion of aliens and undesirables." The 1890s also witnessed the diamond jubilee of Queen Victoria (1897), the formation of the Farmers' Union (1899), and wool's establishment as New Zealand's singlemost important export. Sixty-five people were killed in the Brunner Mine disaster (1896), the population of the North Island exceeded that of the South Island for the first time since the 1850s, and the decade's end saw the outbreak of the Boer War (1899).

scholarly journals Cathedral Rank, a Handwritten Document of the Komi-Zyrians: Instruction and Foundations of Faith

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Limerov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Good Movement ◽  
Handwritten Document ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

The literary tradition of the Komi-Zyrians dates back to the first translations of liturgical books into the Komi language by Stefan Permsky. These translation practices remained uninterrupted, becoming the basis for the literary language in the nineteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, an independent handwritten tradition developed in the Upper Vychegda region associated with the activity of Stefan Ermolin, the religious leader of the Singers of Good movement. The movement branched off from the official Orthodox Church and created its own literature in the Verkhnevychegod dialect of the Komi language. This article describes a work of literature created by the Singers, a liturgical text outlining the basics of their faith; it concerns everything a follower of bursylysyas (Singers of Good) needs to know about salvation and, most importantly, the path which leads them to God. The manuscript is called Cathedral Rank (Komi-Zyrian Сӧбирайтчан рад) and is introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time.

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