scholarly journals BIOACCUMULATION OF LEAD IN BODY TISSUES OF ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L): EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS / ŠVINO BIOAKUMULIACIJOS ATLANTINIŲ LAŠIŠŲ (SALMO SALAR L.) KŪNO AUDINIUOSE EKSPERIMENTINIS TYRIMAS IR LYGINAMOJI ANALIZĖ

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimondas Idzelis ◽  
Gintarė Sauliutė ◽  
Joana Grigelevičiūtė ◽  
Gintaras Svecevičius
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Lead Nitrate ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gibel Carp ◽  
Stone Loach ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
One Year

The article presents tests on one-year artificially bred Atlantic salmon. For 14 days, fish were exposed to lead nitrate Pb (NO3)2 under concentration corresponding to the highest allowable standard of inland water making 0.005 mg Pb/l. Lead (Pb) in fish tissues (muscle and gills) was determined applying atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The obtained results have showed that the maximum-permissible-amount of lead in fish (MPA = 0.2 mg Pb/kg) (Lithuanian Hygiene Standard HN 54:2003) slightly exceeds in salmon gills (0.237 mg/kg), whereas in muscles, it exceeds more than twice (0.4 mg/kg). The received data have been compared with the results of the previous studies, where under the same experimental conditions, the bioaccumulation of lead in five types of fish, including roach, perch, rainbow trout, stone loach and gibel carp has been investigated. The conducted research has also revealed that different fish species quite differently accumulate lead while MPA has exceeded in the body tissues of a number of fish, i.e., in the majority of cases, it can be attributed to salmon and stone loach muscles and gills. When observing water bodies, the collected experimental data completely coincide with the results of studies on lead bioaccumulation in fish. Santrauka Bandymai buvo atliekami su dirbtinai veistų Atlantinių lašišų metinukais. 14 parų žuvys buvo veikiamos švino nitratu Pb(NO3)2 esant koncentracijai, atitinkančiai didžiausią leidžiamą koncentraciją paviršiniuose vandenyse (0,005 mg Pb/l). Švino (Pb) kiekis kūno audiniuose (raumenyse ir žiaunose) buvo nustatytas atominės absorbcijos spektrofotometriniu (AAS) būdu. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad didžiausias leidžiamas švino kiekis žuvyje (DLK = 0,2 mg Pb/kg, Lietuvos higienos norma HN 54:2003) nežymiai buvo viršytas lašišos žiaunose (0,237 mg/kg), o raumenyse viršytas net 2 kartus (0,4 mg/kg). Gauti rezultatai buvo palyginti su ankstesniųjų metų tyrimų duomenimis, kur analogiškomis eksperimentinėmis sąlygomis buvo tirtos penkios žuvų rūšys: kuoja, ešerys, vaivorykštinis upėtakis, šlyžys bei sidabrinis karosas. Buvo nustatyta, kad skirtingos žuvų rūšys labai skirtingai kaupia šviną, o DLK buvo viršytas daugelio žuvų kūno audiniuose. Daugiausiai švino DLK buvo viršyta lašišos ir šlyžio raumenyse ir žiaunose. Eksperimentiniai duomenys sutampa su švino kaupimosi žuvyse iš stebimų vandens telkinių tyrimų duomenimis.

scholarly journals ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN DIFFERENT BODY TISSUES OF GIBEL CARP 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑜 SEPARATELY EXPOSED TO A MODEL MIXTURE (CU, ZN, NI, CR, PB, CD) AND NICKEL

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras SVECEVIČIUS ◽  
Raimondas Leopoldas IDZELIS ◽  
Eglė MOCKUTĖ
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Model Mixture ◽  
Gibel Carp ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Static Conditions

Heavy metals (HMs) are common persistent pollutants of aquatic ecosystems, which have a property to migrate and accumulate in water organisms. Little information has been compiled on HM accumulation and the interactions between them in fish exposed to their mixtures at environmentally-relevant concentrations. The aim of the present study was to determine accumulation patterns of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd in the muscle, gills and liver of Gibel carp after 14-day exposure to HM model mixture (HMMM) and to Ni separately, at concentrations corresponding to Lithuanian inland water standards (Cu-0.01; Zn-0.1; Ni-0.01; Cr-0.01; Pb-0.005; Cd-0.005 mg/l, respectively). Laboratory tests were conducted on adult Gibel carp under semi-static conditions. The amounts of HMs in the water and body tissues were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Heavy metal accumulation order in body tissues of Gibel carp was as follows: muscle > gills > liver. The highest amounts found were of Zn (15.2 mg kg), while the lowest of Cd (0.012 mg/kg). In the muscle and gills, HMs were accumulated in the following order: Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd, while in the liver: Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd. Meanwhile, the Ni concentration in HMMM-exposed fish liver and gills were significantly higher than in Ni-exposed fish. Data obtained showed that HM accumulation in Gibel carp body tissues was metal and tissue specific, i.e. different tissues showed a different capacity for accumulating HMs. Metals in mixture promoted Ni accumulation in test fish gills and liver under different experimental conditions due to the synergistic effects among them. Although the HM content in Gibel carp different body tissues increased in all cases (average of 49 to 224%) they did not exceed Maximum-Permissible-Amounts (MPA) indicated in the Lithuanian Hygiene Standard.

Selection of Microhabitat in Summer by Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Morantz ◽  
R. K. Sweeney ◽  
C. S. Shirvell ◽  
D. A. Longard
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
The Body ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Parr

This study was designed to define the microhabitats selected in summer by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Curves were developed describing the preference of 880 young salmon for water velocity at the fish's position (nose velocity), mean water column velocity, total water depth, and stream substrate size. Study sites were chosen in six morphologically diverse streams in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during 1982–84. Of the four variables measured, only nose velocity chosen by both fry and parr was not significantly different among years or rivers. Atlantic salmon fry (< 65 mm) most frequently selected nose velocities between 5 and 15 cm∙s−1, small parr (65–100 mm) between 5 and 25 cm∙s−1 and large parr (> 100 mm) between 5 and 35 cm∙s−1. Apparently, juvenile salmon utilized water depths and stream substrates which varied within tolerable limits according to their availability in conjunction with preferred water velocities. Significant differences in the body shape and size of the pectoral fin of Atlantic salmon parr in different rivers did not influence the selection of nose velocities within the range of flow conditions sampled.

The respiratory development of Atlantic salmon. II. Partitioning of oxygen uptake among gills, yolk sac and body surfaces

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (12) ◽  
pp. 2737-2744 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Wells ◽  
A Pinder
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Diffusion Barrier ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Diffusion Distance ◽  
Gill Lamellae

During post-hatch development of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), O2 uptake partitioning changes from primarily cutaneous to primarily branchial. Over 80 % of post-hatch O2 uptake was cutaneous, with the yolk sac responsible for 33 % of total O2 uptake. The well-vascularized yolk sac was a less effective gas exchanger than the unperfused skin of the body, suggesting that oxygen delivery is by direct diffusion to the tissues. Branchial O2 uptake increased quickly as gill lamellae developed, contributing 60 % of total O2 uptake before the completion of yolk resorption (body mass 0.2 g) and increasing to 69&shy;81 % in fish weighing over 0.3 g. The area-specific O2 uptake of the skin decreased through development as skin thickness increased, while that of the gills increased from 0.10 &micro;g h-1 mm-2 to 0.23 &micro;g h-1 mm-2. Partitioning of O2 uptake of the skin and gills changed in concert with changes in the partitioning of the anatomical diffusion factor (ADF, mass-specific surface area per unit diffusion distance) between skin and gills, which changed from more than 95 % to less than 10 % cutaneous; thus, ADF is a useful rough indicator of oxygen uptake potential. Caution should be used in predicting oxygen uptake potential from ADF, however, because O2 uptake per unit diffusion barrier of the yolk sac was less than half that of the general body surface, and O2 uptake per unit diffusion barrier of the gills changed dramatically over development.

Observations on the life-cycle of the strigeoid trematode, Apatemon (Apatemon) gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) Szidat, 1928

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blair
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Stone Loach ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe life-cycle of Apatemon (A.) gracilis was completed in the laboratory. The snail host is Lymnaeaperegra (Müller). The cercaria is redescribed from a wide range of material. Metacercariae were found in naturally infected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatiis L.) and stone loach (Nemacheilus barbatulus (L.)) from Scotland and in three-spined sticklebacks from Iceland. In trout, most metacercariae were found in the pericardial cavity, in sticklebacks, the eye, and in loach, the body cavity. In infection experiments, cercariae from naturally infected Scottish snails developed in threespined sticklebacks, rainbow trout and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Under experimental conditions cercariae did not penetrate stone loach, although this species is naturally infected with A gracilis. The phenomenon of fish host specificity is briefly discussed. Development of the metacercaria is described. Excystation of metacercarial cysts with pepsin and trypsin solutions is unlike that reported for any other digenean; the contents of the cyst appear to be under pressure. In pepsin, layers of the cyst wall peel back from one end. When transferred to trypsin, one pole of the cyst ruptures and the worm is forcibly expelled.

Density-dependent habitat selection by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in experimental riverine habitats

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1298-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammo P Bult ◽  
Stephen C Riley ◽  
Richard L Haedrich ◽  
R John Gibson ◽  
Jan Heggenes
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon

We investigated habitat use of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr in experimental riverine enclosures made up of pool, riffle, and run habitats over a range of densities (0.1-1.25 fish·m-2) to test the implicit assumption in habitat modelling that habitat selection does not change with population density. Results indicated that habitat use changed with population density, with relatively more parr in pools and fewer in runs at higher population densities. Temperature influenced parr distribution, with relatively more parr in runs and fewer in riffles and pools at higher temperatures. Parr distribution was primarily affected by hydromorphological differences among pool, riffle, and run habitats. Effects of population density and temperature on use of pool, riffle, and run habitats were often as large as effects of hydromorphological differences among pool, riffle, and run habitats on fish distributions over the range of temperatures and densities observed. Results varied considerably, despite controlled experimental conditions. We concluded that habitat selection by juvenile Atlantic salmon parr may be density dependent and potentially quite variable.

Deleterious Effects of Cyanide on Early Life Stages of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Leduc
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Small Flow

Hydrocyanic acid, a common industrial pollutant, caused severe damage to developing embryos of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) when newly fertilized eggs were continually exposed to sublethal concentrations of the poison (0.01–0.10 mg/L HCN) up to the end of the sac-fry stage. Each test group was held in small flow-through basins with the toxicant metered through the entire experimental period. At 0.08 and 0.10 mg/L, cyanide delayed hatching by 6–9 days but all concentrations reduced hatching success by about 15–40%. During incubation conversion of yolk into body tissues was reduced at all concentrations above 0.01 mg/L. The most striking effect of cyanide, however, was a high incidence of abnormalities ranging from about 6% at 0.01 mg/L to about 19% at 0.10 mg/L. During incubation cyanide had reduced development, but after hatching survival was not affected and growth of cyanide-exposed sac fry was either equal to or faster than that of the controls as a result of higher yolk conversion efficiency. The total metabolism of the sac fry was estimated to explain this phenomenon. To protect salmon streams during embryo–larval stages, the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for cyanide should not exceed 0.005 mg/L HCN. Key words: cyanide pollution, eggs and fry, embryogenesis, teratogenic effects, Atlantic salmon

Site specificity of Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 (Monogenea) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the River Lakselva, northern Norway

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Johan Jensen ◽  
Bjørn Ove Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Site Specificity ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Site specificity of Gyrodactylus salaris on 853 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr infected with 1 – 10 625 parasites was studied in the River Lakselva in northern Norway. At low intensities (< 100), the dorsal fin was the principal site of attachment, followed by the pectoral and anal fins. However, the distribution of parasites on the fish, and their crowding, varied with infection intensity. When the intensity increased to more than 100, more parasites were located on the caudal fin, and when it exceeded 1000, the body of the fish was also heavily infected.

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