VARIABILITY OF CHARRING ALONG THE WOODEN WALL STUDS

The effect of timber densities on the charring of timber members insulated by heat-resistant mineral wool is described in this paper. Special attention is given to variability of charring along the stud. After the fire tests, the studs were saved in their entire length. Char layer was mechanically removed from the studs under investigation. Charred studs of timber frame walls were scanned three-dimensionally over the full length afterfull-scale fire tests. Densities were measured by X-ray and optical vibration scanner. Cross-section properties and densities of the studs were measured along the stud. Charring rate is not uniform along the full length of a single timber wall stud. This corresponds probably to the variation of density of wood. Adjusting the designmodel for charring of timber frame assemblies, as given in EN 1995-1-2, to allow for the influence of density may give an advantage for members with higher density.

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THE BEHAVIOUR OF SPECIAL OSB BOARDS UNDER FIRE CONDITIONS, The influence of OSB board´s fire coating on the fire resistance of light timber frame assemblies

Applications of Structural Fire Engineering ◽

10.14311/asfe.2015.044 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Petr Kuklík ◽

Magdaléna Charvátová

Keyword(s):

Fire Resistance ◽

Fire Test ◽

Test Laboratory ◽

Fire Tests ◽

Load Bearing ◽

Timber Frame ◽

Charring Rate ◽

Fire Conditions

The paper is focused on the influence of fire resistant coatings used on OSB boards on the fire resistance of entire light timber frame wall assemblies. Two fire tests were performed in the fire test laboratory of PAVUS, a.s. in Veselí nad Lužnicí. The fire tests were performed on a load bearing wall. The wall dimensions were 3.0 (depth) x 3.0 (height) m. According to EN 1995-1-2, the calculation for fire paints and coatings is not possible. The aim of the paper is the determination of the influence of this type of coating on the OSB board’s charring rate, the determination of the start of charring of a timber stud and the fire resistance of the whole construction.

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Freeze-Fracture Replication of Frozen Outer Segments of Rat Retinal Rods

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100063871 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 392-393

Author(s):

Thomas S. Leeson ◽

C. Roland Leeson

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Cross Section ◽

Outer Segment ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Outer Segments ◽

Retinal Rods ◽

Temperature Electron ◽

Freeze Etching

Numerous previous studies of outer segments of retinal receptors have demonstrated a complex internal structure of a series of transversely orientated membranous lamellae, discs, or saccules. In cones, these lamellae probably are invaginations of the covering plasma membrane. In rods, however, they appear to be isolated and separate discs although some authors report interconnections and some continuities with the surface near the base of the outer segment, i.e. toward the inner segment. In some species, variations have been reported, such as longitudinally orientated lamellae and lamellar whorls. In cross section, the discs or saccules show one or more incisures. The saccules probably contain photolabile pigment, with resulting potentials after dipole formation during bleaching of pigment. Continuity between the lamina of rod saccules and extracellular space may be necessary for the detection of dipoles, although such continuity usually is not found by electron microscopy. Particles on the membranes have been found by low angle X-ray diffraction, by low temperature electron microscopy and by freeze-etching techniques.

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Studies of metaphase chromosomes in the scanning transmission x-ray microscope: Image fidelity, radiation damage and specimen preparation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100129826 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1038-1039

Author(s):

Shawn Williams ◽

Xiaodong Zhang ◽

Susan Lamm ◽

Jack Van’t Hof

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Radiation Damage ◽

Cross Section ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Dose Range ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

X Rays ◽

Metaphase Chromosomes ◽

X Ray ◽

Scanning Transmission

The Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) is well suited for investigating metaphase chromosome structure. The absorption cross-section of soft x-rays having energies between the carbon and oxygen K edges (284 - 531 eV) is 6 - 9.5 times greater for organic specimens than for water, which permits one to examine unstained, wet biological specimens with resolution superior to that attainable using visible light. The attenuation length of the x-rays is suitable for imaging micron thick specimens without sectioning. This large difference in cross-section yields good specimen contrast, so that fewer soft x-rays than electrons are required to image wet biological specimens at a given resolution. But most imaging techniques delivering better resolution than visible light produce radiation damage. Soft x-rays are known to be very effective in damaging biological specimens. The STXM is constructed to minimize specimen dose, but it is important to measure the actual damage induced as a function of dose in order to determine the dose range within which radiation damage does not compromise image quality.

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Searching for the causes why some of the paintings by Mihaly Munkacsy are darkening

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100134612 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 204-205

Author(s):

Imre Pozsgai ◽

Klara Erdöhalmi-Torok

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Cross Section ◽

Polyester Resin ◽

National Gallery ◽

X Ray ◽

Art Historians ◽

Made In ◽

Grinding And Polishing

The paintings by the great Hungarian master Mihaly Munkacsy (1844-1900) made in an 8-9 years period of his activity are deteriorating. The most conspicuous sign of the deterioration is an intensive darkening. We have made an attempt by electron beam microanalysis to clarify the causes of the darkening. The importance of a study like this is increased by the fact that a similar darkening can be observed on the paintings by Munkacsy’s contemporaries e.g Courbet and Makart. A thick brown mass the so called bitumen used by Munkacsy for grounding and also as a paint is believed by the art historians to cause the darkening.For this study, paint specimens were taken from the following paintings: “Studio”, “Farewell” and the “Portrait of the Master’s Wife”, all of them are the property of the Hungarian National Gallery. The paint samples were embedded in a polyester resin “Poly-Pol PS-230” and after grinding and polishing their cross section was used for x-ray mapping.

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Fractionation of polymethylene chains: An electron crystallographic investigation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100145315 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 794-795

Author(s):

Douglas L. Dorset

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Binary Systems ◽

Linear Chain ◽

Pure Component ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

Crystallographic Investigation ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Molecular Sizes ◽

The Stability

A variety of linear chain materials exist as polydisperse systems which are difficultly purified. The stability of continuous binary solid solutions assume that the Gibbs free energy of the solution is lower than that of either crystal component, a condition which includes such factors as relative molecular sizes and shapes and perhaps the symmetry of the pure component crystal structures.Although extensive studies of n-alkane miscibility have been carried out via powder X-ray diffraction of bulk samples we have begun to examine binary systems as single crystals, taking advantage of the well-known enhanced scattering cross section of matter for electrons and also the favorable projection of a paraffin crystal structure posited by epitaxial crystallization of such samples on organic substrates such as benzoic acid.

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Low-voltage EDS of magnesium ferrite Dendrites in a FEG-SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100164854 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 478-479

Author(s):

Matthew T. Johnson ◽

Ian M. Anderson ◽

Jim Bentley ◽

C. Barry Carter

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Monte Carlo Simulations ◽

Cross Section ◽

Spatial Resolution ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Magnesium Ferrite ◽

X Ray ◽

Interaction Volume ◽

Ferrite Spinel

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) performed at low (≤ 5 kV) accelerating voltages in the SEM has the potential for providing quantitative microanalytical information with a spatial resolution of ∼100 nm. In the present work, EDS analyses were performed on magnesium ferrite spinel [(MgxFe1−x)Fe2O4] dendrites embedded in a MgO matrix, as shown in Fig. 1. spatial resolution of X-ray microanalysis at conventional accelerating voltages is insufficient for the quantitative analysis of these dendrites, which have widths of the order of a few hundred nanometers, without deconvolution of contributions from the MgO matrix. However, Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the interaction volume for MgFe2O4 is ∼150 nm at 3 kV accelerating voltage and therefore sufficient to analyze the dendrites without matrix contributions.Single-crystal {001}-oriented MgO was reacted with hematite (Fe2O3) powder for 6 h at 1450°C in air and furnace cooled. The specimen was then cleaved to expose a clean cross-section suitable for microanalysis.

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Analysis of crystallite size changes in a hematite and magnetite formed on steel used in the power idustry

Technical Sciences ◽

10.31648/ts.2717 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (21) ◽

pp. 65-73

Author(s):

Monika Gwoździk

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Oxide Layer ◽

Cross Section ◽

X Ray ◽

Term Operation ◽

Diffraction Line Profile ◽

Crystallite Sizes ◽

Scherrer Formula ◽

Pipe Outlet

The paper presents results of studies on the crystallite sizes of oxide layer formed during a long-term operation on 10CrMo9-10 steel at an elevated temperature (T = 545° C, t = 200,000 h). This value was determined by a method based on analysis of the diffraction line profile, according to a Scherrer formula. The oxide layer was studied on a surface and a cross-section at the outer and inner site on the pipe outlet, at the fire and counter-fire wall of the tube. X-ray studies were carried out on the surface of a tube, then the layer’s surface was polished and the diffraction measurements repeated to reveal differences in the originated oxides layer.

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Silicate-germanate K2Y[(Si3Ge)O10(OH)] with unusual complex corrugated layer and its correlation to ring silicate gerenite and chain silicate chkalovite

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials ◽

10.1515/zkri-2020-0005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 235 (4-5) ◽

pp. 167-172

Author(s):

Anastasiia P. Topnikova ◽

Elena L. Belokoneva ◽

Olga V. Dimitrova ◽

Anatoly S. Volkov ◽

Leokadiya V. Zorina

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Cross Section ◽

Complex Anion ◽

Diffraction Experiment ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Unit Cell Parameters ◽

X Ray ◽

Cell Parameters ◽

Chain Silicate ◽

Novel Complex

AbstractA new silicate-germanate K2Y[(Si3Ge)O10(OH)] was synthesized hydrothermally in a system Y2O3:GeO2:SiO2 = 1:1:2 (T = 280 °C; P = 90–100 atm.); K2CO3 was added to the solution as a mineralizer. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment was carried out at low temperature (150 K). The unit cell parameters are a = 10.4975(4), b = 6.9567(2), c = 15.4001(6) Å, β = 104.894(4)°; V = 1086.86(7) Å3; space group is P 21/c. A novel complex anion is presented by corrugated (Si,Ge) tetrahedral layers connected by couples of YO6 octahedra into the mixed microporous framework with the channels along b and a axes, the maximal size of cross-section is ~5.6 Å. This structure has similarity with the two minerals: ring silicate gerenite (Ca,Na)2(Y,REE)3Si6O18 · 2H2O and chain silicate chkalovite Na2BeSi2O6. Six-member rings with 1̅ symmetry as in gerenite are distinguished in the new layer. They are mutually perpendicular to each other and connected by additional tetrahedra. Straight crossing chains in chkalovite change to zigzag four-link chains in the new silicate-germanate layer.

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