Extreme Variability and Episodic Lifetime of Quasars

Retroperitoneal space is called sometimes no man�s land�and for a good reason: this is disputed anatomical territory for many surgical and medical specialties. Their wide histological diversity and unspecific clinical presentation make them a challenge for the surgeon. In order to improve their detection immunohistochemistry seems to show promising results. Methods of detection have evolved over time to identify as much as possible the histological type of tumor. Because of this extreme variability immunohistochemistry through its various markers is the one that often sets the definitive diagnosis, the simple histopathological examination being insufficient. This paper aims to highlight the main markers used in retroperitoneal tumors. As it can be seen there is a huge histologic areal for these tumors. Some have proven some of them still not. Given the fact that there is a tendency toward personalized therapy it is imperative to identify the histological type of tumor as soon as possible.

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HLA and Infectious Diseases

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.00048-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 370-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 170

Author(s):

Jenefer M. Blackwell ◽

Sarra E. Jamieson ◽

David Burgner

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Human Leukocyte Antigen ◽

Molecular Basis ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

Human Leukocyte ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Leukocyte Antigen ◽

Extreme Variability ◽

Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen

SUMMARY Following their discovery in the early 1970s, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Indeed, the original hypothesis for the extreme variability observed at HLA loci (H-2 in mice) was the major selective pressure from infectious diseases. Now that both the human genome and the molecular basis of innate and acquired immunity are understood in greater detail, do the classical HLA loci still stand out as major genes that determine susceptibility to infectious disease? This review looks afresh at the evidence supporting a role for classical HLA loci in susceptibility to infectious disease, examines the limitations of data reported to date, and discusses current advances in methodology and technology that will potentially lead to greater understanding of their role in infectious diseases in the future.

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Polarimetric Properties of Blazars Caught by the WEBT

Galaxies ◽

10.3390/galaxies9020042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Claudia M. Raiteri ◽

Massimo Villata

Keyword(s):

Active Galactic Nuclei ◽

Galactic Nuclei ◽

Plasma Jets ◽

Line Of Sight ◽

Optical Behaviour ◽

Relativistic Jets ◽

Comprehensive Picture ◽

Multi Wavelength ◽

Extreme Variability ◽

Continuous Range

Active galactic nuclei come in many varieties. A minority of them are radio-loud, and exhibit two opposite prominent plasma jets extending from the proximity of the supermassive black hole up to megaparsec distances. When one of the relativistic jets is oriented closely to the line of sight, its emission is Doppler beamed and these objects show extreme variability properties at all wavelengths. These are called “blazars”. The unpredictable blazar variability, occurring on a continuous range of time-scales, from minutes to years, is most effectively investigated in a multi-wavelength context. Ground-based and space observations together contribute to give us a comprehensive picture of the blazar emission properties from the radio to the γ-ray band. Moreover, in recent years, a lot of effort has been devoted to the observation and analysis of the blazar polarimetric radio and optical behaviour, showing strong variability of both the polarisation degree and angle. The Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) Collaboration, involving many tens of astronomers all around the globe, has been monitoring several blazars since 1997. The results of the corresponding data analysis have contributed to the understanding of the blazar phenomenon, particularly stressing the viability of a geometrical interpretation of the blazar variability. We review here the most significant polarimetric results achieved in the WEBT studies.

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Extreme Variability of Cerebrovascular US Results and Some Solutions

Radiology ◽

10.1148/radiology.205.2.577-c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 205 (2) ◽

pp. 577-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Jay Crittenden

Keyword(s):

Extreme Variability

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Driving extreme variability: Measuring the evolving coronae and evidence for jet launching in AGN

Astronomische Nachrichten ◽

10.1002/asna.201612347 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 337 (4-5) ◽

pp. 557-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. R. Wilkins

Keyword(s):

Extreme Variability

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Earliness of an indeterminate crop, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., as affected by drought, temperature, and plant density

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9820531 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 531 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

DA Grantz ◽

AE Hall

Keyword(s):

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Base Temperature ◽

Semiarid Environments ◽

Land Race ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Moderate Drought ◽

Extreme Variability

Earliness of an indeterminate crop, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., was studied to aid development of selection techniques for improving adaptation to semiarid environments. Earliness was based upon the time of first appearance of floral buds and flowers, proportion of shoot dry matter in reproductive parts at midseason, and time of maturity. A cowpea land race, Chino 3, was earlier than cultivars California Blackeye No. 3 and No. 5, with respect to all of these criteria. Time to flowering from different sowing dates was related to heat units, which were calculated from daily mean air temperature above a base temperature of c. 10�C. The proportions of shoot dry matter in reproductive parts during early stages of pod-filling were greater with moderate drought but were unaffected by severe drought, compared with the response of adequately irrigated plants. Widely spaced plants exhibited greater proportions of shoot dry matter in reproductive parts at midseason than did closely spaced plants. Adaptation of cowpeas to semiarid environments may be improved by selecting for early partitioning of carbohydrates to reproductive parts. Selection for early partitioning may be more effective in adequately watered conditions, owing to extreme variability under drought, and at wide and precise spacing.

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Beyond the facts in schizophrenia: closing the gaps in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment

Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences ◽

10.1017/s204579601100062x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 317-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

H. Nasrallah ◽

R. Tandon ◽

M. Keshavan

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Antipsychotic Treatment ◽

Past Century ◽

Disease Entity ◽

Closing The Gaps ◽

Distinct Disease ◽

Extreme Variability ◽

Biological Substrates ◽

Single Disease Entity

Background.Although schizophrenia has been considered a distinct disease entity for the past century, its precise definition and etio-pathophysiology remain obscure and its treatment remains unsatisfactory. In this review, we summarize our state of knowledge about the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of schizophrenia.Methodological Issues.The inadequacy of the major conceptual models of schizophrenia is a major roadblock in providing a coherent explanation for the known facts of this illness, despite these limitations and its changing definitions, the construct of schizophrenia does convey useful information: (i) patients diagnosed as having schizophrenia do have areal disease– they experience both suffering and disability; (ii) a diagnosis of schizophrenia does suggest adistinctive clinical profile– a characteristic long-term course; an admixture of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms; (iii) a diagnosis of schizophrenia has clear treatment and prognostic implications – likelihood of benefit from antipsychotic treatment and likelihood of incomplete recovery; and (iv) schizophrenia satisfies criteria for a valid diagnostic entity better than almost any other psychiatric diagnosis.Discussion.On the other hand, the concept of schizophrenia has serious shortcomings. First, it is not a single disease entity – it has multiple etiological factors and pathophysiological mechanisms but common phenotypic features. Second, its clinical manifestations are so diverse that its extreme variability has been considered by some to be a core feature. Third, its boundaries remain ill defined and not clearly demarcated from other clinical entities.Conclusions.A necessary next step is to deconstruct schizophrenia as an entity into component dimensions –endophenotypes linked to unique etiological and pathophysiological processes that may yield unique treatment targets. Innovative approaches are needed to elucidate the biological substrates of these entities because such clarity is vital for replicable research. We conclude by identifying the critical gaps in our knowledge, and unmet needs in our approaches to care, and outline steps that can move the field forward.

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Microsatellite development via next-generation sequencing in Acacia stenophylla (Fabaceae) and Duma florulenta (Polygonaceae): two ecologically important plant species of Australian dryland floodplains

10.7287/peerj.preprints.27027v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Bruce F Murray ◽

Michael A Reid ◽

Shu-Biao Wu

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Next Generation Sequencing ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Information Content ◽

Polymorphic Information Content ◽

Extreme Variability ◽

Polymorphic Microsatellite ◽

Generation Sequencing ◽

Semi Arid

Duma florulenta and Acacia stenophylla are two ecologically important but understudied species that naturally occur on the floodplains and riverbanks of Australia’s arid and semi-arid river systems. This paper describes the discovery and characterization of 12 and 13 polymorphic microsatellite markers for D. florulenta and A. stenophylla respectively. The number of alleles per locus for D. florulenta ranged from 2-12 with an average of 6.1. Across all samples, observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.026 to 0.784 and 0.026 to 0.824 respectively and mean polymorphic information content was equal to 0.453. For A. stenophylla, the number of alleles per locus ranged between 2 and 8 with an overall mean of 4.8. Across all samples, observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.029 to 0.650 and 0.029 to 0.761 respectively and mean polymorphic information content was 0.388. The developed suites of 12 and 13 microsatellite markers for D. florulenta and A. stenophylla respectively provide opportunity for novel research into mechanisms of gene flow, dispersal and breeding system and how they operate under the extreme variability these species are exposed to in the environments in which they live.

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Towards a Living Lab for Enhanced Thermal Comfort and Air Quality: Analyses of Standard Occupancy, Weather Extremes, and COVID-19 Pandemic

Frontiers in Environmental Science ◽

10.3389/fenvs.2021.725974 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Giulia Ulpiani ◽

Negin Nazarian ◽

Fuyu Zhang ◽

Christopher J. Pettit

Keyword(s):

Environmental Quality ◽

Low Cost ◽

Design Guidelines ◽

Weather Extremes ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Occupancy Patterns ◽

Living Lab ◽

Spatial Coverage ◽

Educational Buildings ◽

Extreme Variability

Maintaining indoor environmental (IEQ) quality is a key priority in educational buildings. However, most studies rely on outdoor measurements or evaluate limited spatial coverage and time periods that focus on standard occupancy and environmental conditions which makes it hard to establish causality and resilience limits. To address this, a fine-grained, low-cost, multi-parameter IOT sensor network was deployed to fully depict the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of environmental quality in an educational building in Sydney. The building was particularly selected as it represents a multi-use university facility that relies on passive ventilation strategies, and therefore suitable for establishing a living lab for integrating innovative IoT sensing technologies. IEQ analyses focused on 15 months of measurements, spanning standard occupancy of the building as well as the Black Summer bushfires in 2019, and the COVID-19 lockdown. The role of room characteristics, room use, season, weather extremes, and occupancy levels were disclosed via statistical analysis including mutual information analysis of linear and non-linear correlations and used to generate site-specific re-design guidelines. Overall, we found that 1) passive ventilation systems based on manual interventions are most likely associated with sub-optimum environmental quality and extreme variability linked to occupancy patterns, 2) normally closed environments tend to get very unhealthy under periods of extreme pollution and intermittent/protracted disuse, 3) the elevation and floor level in addition to room use were found to be significant conditional variables in determining heat and pollutants accumulation, presumably due to the synergy between local sources and vertical transport mechanisms. Most IEQ inefficiencies and health threats could be likely mitigated by implementing automated controls and smart logics to maintain adequate cross ventilation, prioritizing building airtightness improvement, and appropriate filtration techniques. This study supports the need for continuous and capillary monitoring of different occupied spaces in educational buildings to compensate for less perceivable threats, identify the room for improvement, and move towards healthy and future-proof learning environments.

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In situ creep of frozen soil, Fenghuo Shan, Tibet Plateau, China

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t95-056 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 545-552 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

B. Wang ◽

Hugh M. French

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Power Flow ◽

Field Data ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Frozen Soil ◽

Tibet Plateau ◽

Soil Creep ◽

Extreme Variability ◽

The Mean

Field measurements of frozen soil creep in the upper 3.0 m of permafrost indicate that creep occurs in both winter and summer. Between 1992 and 1993, the mean rate of creep ranged from 0.44 cm at 1.6 m depth to 0.16 cm at 2.8 m depth but there was extreme variability. Creep parameters n and A, as defined by the power flow law, were calculated from field data. Parameter n ranged between 1.96 and 2.29 and increased with depth, while A decreased with depth. Comparisons of creep rates for different permafrost environments suggest that ground temperature largely controls the magnitude of permafrost creep. Key words : permafrost, creep parameters, Tibet Plateau.

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