scholarly journals Epidemiology of clinically suspected and laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infections at a South African neonatal unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (07) ◽  
pp. 943-952
Author(s):  
Angela Dramowski ◽  
Adrie Bekker ◽  
Mark Frederic Cotton ◽  
Andrew Christopher Whitelaw ◽  
Susan Coffin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Neonatal Unit ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Introduction: Data from Africa reporting the epidemiology of infection in hospitalised neonates are limited. Methodology: A prospective study with convenience sampling was conducted to characterise neonates investigated with blood culture/s for suspected infection at a 132-bed neonatal unit in Cape Town, South Africa (1 February-31 October 2018). Enrolled neonates were classified as having proven bloodstream infection (BSI) (blood culture-positive with a pathogen) or presumed infection (clinically suspected but blood culture-negative) or as potentially at risk of infection (maternal risk factors at birth). Results: Of 1299 hospitalised neonates with >1 blood culture sampling episode, 712 (55%) were enrolled: 126 (17.7%) had proven BSI; 299 (42%) had presumed infection and 287 (40.3%) were potentially at risk of infection. Neonates with proven BSI had lower birth weight and higher rates of co-existing surgical conditions versus the presumed/potential infection groups (p < 0.001). Median onset of proven BSI versus presumed infection was at 8 (IQR = 5-13) and 1 (IQR = 0-5) days respectively (p < 0.001). Most proven BSI were healthcare-associated (114/126; 90.5%), with Klebsiella pneumoniae (80.6% extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers) and Staphylococcus aureus (66.7% methicillin-resistant) predominating. Mortality from proven BSI (34/126; 27%) was substantially higher than that observed in presumed (8/299; 2.7%) and potential infections (3/287; 1.0%) (p < 0.001). The odds of death from proven BSI was 3-fold higher for Gram-negatives than for Gram-positive/fungal pathogens (OR = 3.23; 95% CI = 1.17-8.92). Conclusions: Proven BSI episodes were predominantly healthcare-associated and associated with a high case fatality rate. Most neonates with presumed infection or at potential risk of infection had favourable 30-day outcomes.

Epidemiology of Clinically Suspected and Laboratory-Confirmed Bloodstream Infections at A South African Neonatal Unit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dramowski ◽  
A Bekker ◽  
M F Cotton ◽  
A C Whitelaw ◽  
S Coffin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Neonatal Unit ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Abstract Background: Data from Africa reporting the epidemiology of infection in hospitalised neonates are limited. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling to characterise neonates investigated with blood culture/s for suspected infection at a 124-bed neonatal unit in Cape Town, South Africa (1 February-31 October 2018). Enrolled neonates were classified as having proven bloodstream infection (BSI) (blood culture-positive with a pathogen) or presumed infection (clinically suspected but blood culture-negative) or potentially at risk of infection (maternal risk factors at birth). Results: Of 1299 hospitalised neonates with >1 blood culture sampling episode, 712 (55%) were enrolled: 126 (17.7%) had proven BSI; 299 (42%) had presumed infection and 287 (40.3%) were potentially at risk of infection. Neonates with proven BSI had lower birth weight and higher rates of co-existing surgical conditions versus the presumed/potential infection groups (p<0.001). Median onset of proven BSI versus presumed infection was at 8 (IQR 5-13) and 1 (IQR 0-5) days respectively (p<0.001). Most proven BSI were healthcare-associated (114/126; 90.5%), with Klebsiella pneumoniae (80.6% extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers) and Staphylococcus aureus (66.7% methicillin-resistant) predominating. Mortality from proven BSI (34/126; 27%) was substantially higher than that observed in presumed (8/299; 2.7%) and potential infections (3/287; 1.0%) (p<0.001). The odds of death from proven BSI was 3-fold higher for Gram-negatives than for Gram-positive/fungal pathogens (OR 3.23; 95%CI 1.17-8.92). Conclusion: Proven BSI episodes were predominantly healthcare-associated and associated with a high case fatality rate. Most neonates with presumed infection or at potential risk of infection had favourable 30-day outcomes.

scholarly journals Bacterial pathogens and resistance causing community acquired paediatric bloodstream infections in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Droz ◽  
Yingfen Hsia ◽  
Sally Ellis ◽  
Angela Dramowski ◽  
Mike Sharland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstract Background Despite a high mortality rate in childhood, there is limited evidence on the causes and outcomes of paediatric bloodstream infections from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the bacterial causes of paediatric bloodstream infections in LMICs and their resistance profile. Methods We searched Pubmed and Embase databases between January 1st 1990 and October 30th 2019, combining MeSH and free-text terms for “sepsis” and “low-middle-income countries” in children. Two reviewers screened articles and performed data extraction to identify studies investigating children (1 month-18 years), with at least one blood culture. The main outcomes of interests were the rate of positive blood cultures, the distribution of bacterial pathogens, the resistance patterns and the case-fatality rate. The proportions obtained from each study were pooled using the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation, and a random-effect meta-analysis model was used. Results We identified 2403 eligible studies, 17 were included in the final review including 52,915 children (11 in Africa and 6 in Asia). The overall percentage of positive blood culture was 19.1% [95% CI: 12.0–27.5%]; 15.5% [8.4–24.4%] in Africa and 28.0% [13.2–45.8%] in Asia. A total of 4836 bacterial isolates were included in the studies; 2974 were Gram-negative (63.9% [52.2–74.9]) and 1858 were Gram-positive (35.8% [24.9–47.5]). In Asia, Salmonella typhi (26.2%) was the most commonly isolated pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (7.7%) whereas in Africa, S. aureus (17.8%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.8%) were predominant followed by Escherichia coli (10.7%). S. aureus was more likely resistant to methicillin in Africa (29.5% vs. 7.9%), whereas E. coli was more frequently resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (31.2% vs. 21.2%), amikacin (29.6% vs. 0%) and ciprofloxacin (36.7% vs. 0%) in Asia. The overall estimate for case-fatality rate among 8 studies was 12.7% [6.6–20.2%]. Underlying conditions, such as malnutrition or HIV infection were assessed as a factor associated with bacteraemia in 4 studies each. Conclusions We observed a marked variation in pathogen distribution and their resistance profiles between Asia and Africa. Very limited data is available on underlying risk factors for bacteraemia, patterns of treatment of multidrug-resistant infections and predictors of adverse outcomes.

Bloodstream Infections in a Community Hospital: A 25-Year Follow-Up

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 936-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Scheckler ◽  
James A. Bobula ◽  
Mark B. Beamsley ◽  
Scott T. Hadden
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Community Hospital ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Underlying Illness ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractObjective:To examine the current status of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in a community hospital as part of a 25-year longitudinal study.Design:Retrospective descriptive epidemiologic study.Setting:Community teaching hospital.Patients:All inpatients in 1998 with a positive blood culture who met the CDC NNIS System case definition of BSI.Methods:Cases were stratified by underlying illness category using case mix adjustment categories (after McCabe) and reviewed for associations among mortality, underlying illness severity, and multiple clinical and laboratory parameters.Results:Of 19,289 patients discharged in 1998,185 had an episode of infection documented by blood culture (96 cases per 10,000 inpatients). BSI was twice as frequent in patients 65 years and older compared with younger patients. BSIs caused or contributed to the deaths of 22 patients for an overall case-fatality rate of 11.9% compared with 20.7% in 1982 (P = .02). Striking decreases were noted for in-hospital patient mortality in 1998 for BSIs with ultimately and rapidly fatal underlying illnesses (P = .02 and P < .10, respectively). Primary bacteremia decreased compared with 1982. Antibiotic use was vigorous, but resistance was modest in both nosocomial and community-acquired organisms and had changed little from 1982 and 1987.Conclusions:Compared with previous studies, case-fatality rates in patients with BSI were substantially lower in rapidly fatal and ultimately fatal underlying illness categories. Antibiotic use was extensive but prompt and appropriate. Microorganism resistance to antibiotics changed little from the 1980s.

scholarly journals Incidence and Pathogen Distribution of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Pilot Hospitals in Egypt

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1281-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac See ◽  
Fernanda C. Lessa ◽  
Omar Abo ElAta ◽  
Soad Hafez ◽  
Karim Samy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Objective.To report type and rates of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) as well as pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns from a pilot HAI surveillance system in Egypt.Methods.Prospective surveillance was conducted from April 2011 through March 2012 in 46 intensive care units (ICUs) in Egypt. Definitions were adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Healthcare Safety Network. Trained healthcare workers identified HAIs and recorded data on clinical symptoms and up to 4 pathogens. A convenience sample of clinical isolates was tested for antimicrobial resistance at a central reference laboratory. Multidrug resistance was defined by international consensus criteria.Results.ICUs from 11 hospitals collected 90,515 patient-days of surveillance data. Of 472 HAIs identified, 47% were pneumonia, 22% were bloodstream infections, and 15% were urinary tract infections; case fatality among HAI case patients was 43%. The highest rate of device-associated infections was reported for ventilator-associated pneumonia (pooled mean rate, 7.47 cases per 1,000 ventilator-days). The most common pathogens reported were Acinetobacter species (21.8%) and Klebsiella species (18.4%). All Acinetobacter isolates tested (31/31) were multidrug resistant, and 71% (17/24) of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers.Conclusions.Infection control priorities in Egypt should include preventing pneumonia and preventing infections due to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.

scholarly journals Duplex DNA-Invading γ-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids Enable Rapid Identification of Bloodstream Infections in Whole Blood

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörk Nölling ◽  
Srinivas Rapireddy ◽  
Joel I. Amburg ◽  
Elizabeth M. Crawford ◽  
Ranjit A. Prakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Peptide Nucleic Acids ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Duplex Dna ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Antimicrobial Intervention

ABSTRACT Bloodstream infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Early and targeted antimicrobial intervention is lifesaving, yet current diagnostic approaches fail to provide actionable information within a clinically viable time frame due to their reliance on blood culturing. Here, we present a novel pathogen identification (PID) platform that features the use of duplex DNA-invading γ-modified peptide nucleic acids (γPNAs) for the rapid identification of bacterial and fungal pathogens directly from blood, without culturing. The PID platform provides species-level information in under 2.5 hours while reaching single-CFU-per-milliliter sensitivity across the entire 21-pathogen panel. The clinical utility of the PID platform was demonstrated through assessment of 61 clinical specimens, which showed >95% sensitivity and >90% overall correlation to blood culture findings. This rapid γPNA-based platform promises to improve patient care by enabling the administration of a targeted first-line antimicrobial intervention. IMPORTANCE Bloodstream infections continue to be a major cause of death for hospitalized patients, despite significant improvements in both the availability of treatment options as well their application. Since early and targeted antimicrobial intervention is one of the prime determinants of patient outcome, the rapid identification of the pathogen can be lifesaving. Unfortunately, current diagnostic approaches for identifying these infections all rely on time-consuming blood culture, which precludes immediate intervention with a targeted antimicrobial. To address this, we have developed and characterized a new and comprehensive methodology, from patient specimen to result, for the rapid identification of both bacterial and fungal pathogens without the need for culturing. We anticipate broad interest in our work, given the novelty of our technical approach combined with an immense unmet need.

Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusblood culture isolates: results of the Quebec Provincial Surveillance Programme

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (7) ◽  
pp. 1511-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. LÉVESQUE ◽  
A. M. BOURGAULT ◽  
L. A. GALARNEAU ◽  
D. MOISAN ◽  
F. DOUALLA-BELL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Genomic Relationships ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

SUMMARYThe objectives of this study were to characterize methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) blood culture isolates and to determine their relative importance in both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. A total of 535 MRSA blood culture isolates were analysed.In vitrosusceptibility to 14 agents was determined. The genesnuc, mecAand coding for PVL toxin were identified by PCR. All isolates were characterized by PFGE orspatyping to assess their genomic relationships. Most MRSA isolates were retrieved from nosocomial bloodstream infections (474, 89%) and were of the CMRSA2 genotype. Healthcare-associated (HA)-MRSA bloodstream infections were associated with older age (70–89 years,P = 0·002) and most often secondary to central line infections (P = 0·005). Among MRSA strains associated with community-acquired (CA)-MRSA, 28·8% were isolated in intravenous drug users. CA-MRSA genotypes were more frequently found in young adults (20–39 years,P < 0·0001) with skin/soft tissue as the primary sources of infection (P = 0·006). CMRSA10 genotype was the predominant CA-MRSA strain. All MRSA isolates were susceptible to doxycycline, tigecycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin. Both the presence of the genes coding for PVL toxin (89·8%) and susceptibility to clindamycin (86·5%) were predictive of CA-MRSA genotypes. Whereas in the USA, HA-MRSA have been replaced by USA300 (CMRSA10) clone as the predominant MRSA strain type in positive blood cultures from hospitalized patients, this phenomenon has not been observed in the province of Quebec.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the ePlex Blood Culture Identification Panels for Detection of Pathogens in Bloodstream Infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Te-Din Huang ◽  
Ekaterina Melnik ◽  
Pierre Bogaerts ◽  
Stephanie Evrard ◽  
Youri Glupczynski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Positive Blood Culture ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Culture Identification

ABSTRACT Rapid identification and susceptibility testing results are of importance for the early appropriate therapy of bloodstream infections. The ePlex (GenMark Diagnostics) blood culture identification (BCID) panels are fully automated PCR-based assays designed to identify Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and bacterial resistance genes within 1.5 h from positive blood culture. Consecutive non-duplicate positive blood culture episodes were tested by the ePlex system prospectively. The choice of panel(s) (Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and/or fungal pathogens) was defined by Gram-stained microscopy of blood culture-positive bottles (BacT/Alert; bioMérieux). Results with the ePlex panels were compared to the identification results obtained by standard culture-based workflow. In total, 216 positive blood culture episodes were evaluable, yielding 263 identification results. The sensitivity/positive predictive value for detection by the ePlex panels of targeted cultured isolates were 97% and 99% for the Gram-positive panel and 99% and 96% for the Gram-negative panel, resulting in overall agreement rates of 96% and 94% for the Gram-positive and Gram-negative panel, respectively. All 26 samples with targeted resistance results were correctly detected by the ePlex panels. The ePlex panels provided highly accurate results and proved to be an excellent diagnostic tool for the rapid identification of pathogens causing bloodstream infections. The short time to results may be of added value for optimizing the clinical management of patients with sepsis.

scholarly journals Salmonella Bloodstream Infections in Hospitalized Children with Acute Febrile Illness—Uganda, 2016–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace D. Appiah ◽  
Arthur Mpimbaza ◽  
Mohammed Lamorde ◽  
Molly Freeman ◽  
Henry Kajumbula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Acute Febrile Illness ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Length Of Hospitalization

Invasive Salmonella infection is a common cause of acute febrile illness (AFI) among children in sub-Saharan Africa; however, diagnosing Salmonella bacteremia is challenging in settings without blood culture. The Uganda AFI surveillance system includes blood culture-based surveillance for etiologies of bloodstream infection (BSIs) in hospitalized febrile children in Uganda. We analyzed demographic, clinical, blood culture, and antimicrobial resistance data from hospitalized children at six sentinel AFI sites from July 2016 to January 2019. A total of 47,261 children were hospitalized. Median age was 2 years (interquartile range, 1–4) and 26,695 (57%) were male. Of 7,203 blood cultures, 242 (3%) yielded bacterial pathogens including Salmonella (N = 67, 28%), Staphylococcus aureus (N = 40, 17%), Escherichia spp. (N = 25, 10%), Enterococcus spp. (N = 18, 7%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (N = 17, 7%). Children with BSIs had longer median length of hospitalization (5 days versus 4 days), and a higher case-fatality ratio (13% versus 2%) than children without BSI (all P < 0.001). Children with Salmonella BSIs did not differ significantly in length of hospitalization or mortality from children with BSI resulting from other organisms. Serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility results were available for 49 Salmonella isolates, including 35 (71%) non-typhoidal serotypes and 14 Salmonella serotype Typhi (Typhi). Among Typhi isolates, 10 (71%) were multi-drug resistant and 13 (93%) had decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Salmonella strains, particularly non-typhoidal serotypes and drug-resistant Typhi, were the most common cause of BSI. These data can inform regional Salmonella surveillance in East Africa and guide empiric therapy and prevention in Uganda.

scholarly journals Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit over a 20-Year Period (1992–2011): Trends in Incidence, Pathogens, and Mortality

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelien Verstraete ◽  
Jerina Boelens ◽  
Kris De Coen ◽  
Geert Claeys ◽  
Dirk Vogelaers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Incidence Density Rate ◽  
Density Rate

Objective.To analyze trends in the incidence and pathogen distribution of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections (HABSIs) over a 20-year period (1992–2011).Design.Historical cohort study.Setting.Thirty-two-bed neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a tertiary referral hospital.Patients.Neonates with HABSIs defined according to the criteria of the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD).Methods.A hospital-based ongoing surveillance program was used to identify HABSI cases in neonates. A distinction between definite or possible HABSI was made according to the NICHD criteria. Incidence, incidence densities (HABSIs per 1,000 hospital-days and HABSIs per 1,000 total parenteral nutrition–days), and case fatality rate were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to find time trends. Four periods of 5 years were considered when executing variance analysis.Results.In total, 682 episodes of HABSIs occurred on 9,934 admissions (6.9%). The median total incidence density rate was 3.1 (interquartile range, 2.2–3.9). A significant increasing time trend in incidence density was observed for the period 1995–2011 (P < .003). A significant decrease in the case fatality rate was found in the last 5-year period (P < .001). No neonate died following possible HABSIs, whereas the case fatality rate among neonates with definite HABSIs was 9.7%. Most HABSIs were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 414 [60.7%]). A significant increase in Staphylococcus aureus HABSI was observed in the last 10-year period (P < .001).Conclusions.An increase in incidence density rate occurred, while the case fatality rate dropped. Better perinatal care could be responsible for the latter. A decrease in days before infection and a high incidence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus HABSIs indicate the need for vigorous application of evidence-based prevention initiatives, in particular for catheter care.

scholarly journals Burden of bloodstream infection in older persons: a population‐based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Laupland ◽  
Kelsey Pasquill ◽  
Lisa Steele ◽  
Elizabeth C Parfitt
Keyword(s):  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Abstract Background Advancing age is a major risk factor for developing and dying from bloodstream infections (BSI). However, there is a paucity of population-based studies investigating the epidemiology of BSI in older persons. Objective To define the incidence, clinical determinants, and risk factors for death among those aged 65 years and older with BSI. Methods Population-based surveillance was conducted in the western interior of British Columbia, Canada, between April 1, 2010 and March 31, 2020. Chart reviews were conducted for clinical details and all cause case-fatality was established at 30-days follow-up. Results A total of 1854 incident BSI were identified among 1657 individuals aged 65 and older for an annual incidence of 533.9 per 100,000 population; the incidence for those aged 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years was 375.3, 678.9, and 1046.6 per 100,000 population, respectively. Males were at significantly increased risk as compared to females (incidence rate ratio, IRR 1.44; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.32-1.59; p<0.0001). The crude annual incidence increased by 50% during the study. However, this was related to shift in population demographics with no increase evident following age- and sex-standardization. Older patients were more likely to have healthcare-associated infections and genitourinary sources and less likely to have bone/joint or soft tissue infections. The proportion of patients with underlying congestive heart failure, stroke, and dementia increased, whereas diabetes and liver disease decreased with older age. The overall 30-day all cause case-fatality rate was 22.0% (364/1657). After adjustment for clinical focus, onset of infection, etiology, and co-morbidity in a logistic model, those aged 75-84 years (odds ratio, OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.25-2.21) and ≥ 85 years (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.41-2.77) were at significantly increased risk for death as compared to those aged 65-74 years. Conclusion Bloodstream infection is common in older persons and is a major cause of death. Countries with aging populations worldwide should expect an increase burden associated with BSI in the coming years.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document