scholarly journals Human Brucellosis in the Republic of Macedonia by Regions Depending on Vaccination Procedures in Sheep and Goats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zharko Stojmanovski ◽  
Milka Zdravkovska ◽  
Vaso Taleski ◽  
Svetlana Jovevska ◽  
Velo Markovski
Keyword(s):  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Republic ◽  
One Year ◽  
Moderate Positive Correlation ◽  
Control And Eradication

Background: Besides the strategy based on test-and-slaughter policy for seropositive sheep and goats after an evaluation of the situation, vaccination measure of those animals against brucellosis with Rev 1 vaccine in 2008 have been implemented.Aims: To examine the influence of the new measure for control and eradication of brucellosis in sheep and goats on the incidence of human brucellosis before and after vaccination with B. melitensis Rev.1.Material and methods: This is a retrospective study in which comparison of the incidence of human brucellosis in the three regions has been made depending on the vaccination procedure in sheep and goats one year before the implementation of the vaccination (2007) and 4 years later. Data for the infected sheep and goats were obtained from the Food and Veterinary Agency and data for human brucellosis were obtained from the Institute of Public Health of the Republic of Macedonia.Results: The greatest decrease in the incidence of human brucellosis (from 124.3 to 19.7/100,000 inhabitants) was registered in the region 3 where mass vaccination of sheep and goats was conducted. The highest incidence rate of brucellosis in sheep and goats was registered in 2007 (2010/100,000 sheep and goats) and the lowest in 2011 (156/100,000 sheep and goats). Periodic prevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats prior to vaccination was 6882/100,000 sheep and goats and after vaccination 3698/100,000 sheep and goats (p<0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between the number of infected individuals with brucellosis and the number of infected sheep and goats (r=0.26).Conclusion: Decline of the incidence of human brucellosis is one of the major indicators for successfully implemented new control programs and strategies for prevention and eradication of brucellosis in sheep and goats. Vaccination was good measure to control brucellosis in the 3 regions.

scholarly journals Public Health Aspects of Human Brucellosis in the Republic of Macedonia

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Milka Zdravkovska ◽  
Zharko Stojmanovski ◽  
Vaso Taleski ◽  
Svetlana Jovevska ◽  
Velo Markovski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Development Tendency ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: The Republic of Macedonia is an endemic area where brucellosis is a dominant zoonosis with high morbidity and enormous economic loss.Aim: To determine the incidence rate, prevalence rate and development tendency of infected people with brucellosis in R. Macedonia in the period from 01.01.1999 to 31.12.2009, to register and analyse the epidemiological characteristics of the infected with brucellosis according to gender, age and regional distribution.Materials and methods: The data about the infected people with brucellosis were taken from the register of individual cases as well as monthly and annual reports for infectious diseases prepared by the Institute for Public Health of Republic of Macedonia.Results:  According to the survey the highest number of incidence of human brucellosis in R. Macedonia was found in 2008, 23.94/100,000 people, and the lowest number of infected people was in 2009, about 13.99/100,000 people. Human brucellosis has a decreasing tendency.Conclusion: Human brucellosis remains a public health problem in Republic of Macedonia.

scholarly journals LANDSLIDES ON THE ROADS OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA AS A RESULT OF ELEMENTAL OR ANTHROPOGENIC PROCESSES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neđo Đurić ◽  
Đurić Dijana
Keyword(s):  
Natural State ◽  
Plain Area ◽  
Intense Precipitation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anthropogenic Processes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
One Year ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
The Sava River ◽  
Quality Construction

The Republic of Srpska, which is an integral part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was affected by intenseprecipitation during May 2014 and May 2015. The northern part of the Republic of Srpska is locatedbetween the plain area of the Sava River and the mountain massif of the inner Dinarides, while theeastern and western parts are confined to the rivers Drina and Una. Increased precipitation, which in2014 was three times higher than the average, activated large number of landslides, and most of themthreatened the facilities of various purposes. One year later, in the same month, this area was again hitby intense precipitation, less than in the previous year, but more significant by the size of activatedlandslides.The most significant landslides were formed along the roads, and the degree of damage is different,depending on the method of construction and maintenance during exploitation.The slopes on whichroads are built are in general conditionally stable, and for years have kept their stability in naturalconditions. By engineering interventions during the construction of the roads, the natural state ofbalance was disturbed, which was manifested with delay, since the slopes were not well repaired. Theopen terrain profiles on the slopes created favorable conditions for water to flow into the quasihomogeneous and heterogeneous clay sediments, where their stability was disturbed.The roads that were built of good quality as well as slope reparations during construction did not havesignificant damage during intense precipitation, although some of them were built several decadesearlier. During the inventory of landslides on the roads, the effects of elemental and anthropogenicprocesses were analyzed, where 23 of the characteristic landslides were selected. The periods ofconstruction before and after 1990 were separated, that is, the periods of earlier quality construction offacilities from today's modern one.

scholarly journals Astronomy in the Republic of Macedonia

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-232
Author(s):  
Mijat Mijatovic
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Republic

Astronomy in the territory of today’s Republic of Macedonia has a century-long history. This history is presented in the essay, begining with M. Trpkovic’s suggestions to reform the orthodox calendar in 1900s, through the foundation of the first faculty of Macedonian language in Skopje in 1946, until today’s situation in astronomy.In second half of the twentieth century, the development of astronomy in the Republic of Macedonia is divided in two different periods: before and after the big earthquake in Skopje in 1963. The first period is characterized by hope and enthusiasm, and a little observatory was started to be built, but it was destroyed in the earthquake. The last ten years a new upsurge is seen in Astronomy in the Republic of Macedonia, which is founded on Balkan and international collaboration.

Health Promotion and Prevention of Human Brucellosis in the Republic of Macedonia

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
Elena Kosevska ◽  
Doncho Donev ◽  
Gordana Kuzmanovska ◽  
Violeta Karamandi-Lazarovska ◽  
Sandra Petlichkovska
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Republic

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) CELL CULTURE VACCINE IN GOATS AND SHEEP IN INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
S. Baksi ◽  
H. Dave ◽  
N. Rao ◽  
P. Malsaria ◽  
M. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
One Year ◽  
Few Data ◽  
And Control

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of ruminants. The disease has high impact on small ruminants market, especially in Africa and Middle East. India has a large population of sheep and goats, having significant part in world ruminant population. Prevention and control programs by vaccines are necessary parts of ruminants business. PPR vaccines are successfully used by small and large farmers in various parts of India. Researches have been done to investigate the efficacy of PPR vaccines on sheep and goats, but few data are available on sero-conversion in the bodies. In present study, sheep and goats were vaccinated with Sungri/96 strain and serum collection was done up to one year. Antibodies levels were measured with competitive ELISA. Antibody levels reached to protective levels within 21 days of vaccination, which continued up to one year. Sheep responded to vaccine slightly better than goats. Further studies are required to investigate total duration of protection by PPR vaccine in small ruminants.

Legal and Institutional Functionality in the Protection of Women – Victims of Domestic Violence in the Republic of Macedonia – Present Situation and Future Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Zorica Saltirovska Professor ◽  
Sunchica Dimitrijoska Professor
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Women Victims ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
National Level ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-based violence is a form of discrimination that prevents women from enjoying the rights and liberties on an equal level with men. Inevitably, domestic violence shows the same trend of victimizing women to such a degree that the term “domestic violence” is increasingly becoming synonymous with “violence against women”. The Istanbul Convention defines domestic violence as "gender-based violence against women", or in other words "violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately." The situation is similar in the Republic of Macedonia, where women are predominantly victims of domestic violence. However, the Macedonian legal framework does not define domestic violence as gender-based violence, and thus it does not define it as a specific form of discrimination against women. The national legislation stipulates that victims are to be protected in both a criminal and a civil procedure, and the Law on Prevention and Protection from Domestic Violence determines the actions of the institutions and civil organizations in the prevention of domestic violence and the protection of victims. The system for protection of victims of domestic violence closely supports the Law on Social Protection and the Law on Free Legal Aid, both of which include provisions on additional assistance for women victims of domestic violence. However, the existing legislation has multiple deficiencies and does not allow for a greater efficacy in implementing the prescribed measures for the protection of victims of domestic violence. For this reason, as well as due to the inconsistent implementation of legal solutions of this particular issue, the civil sector is constantly expressing their concern about the increasingly wider spread of domestic violence against women and about the protection capabilities at their disposal. The lack of recognition of all forms of gender-based violence, the trivial number of criminal sentences against persons who perform acts of domestic violence, the insufficient support offered to victims – including victim shelters, legal assistance, and counseling, and the lack of systematic databases on domestic violence cases on a national level, are a mere few of the many issues clearly pointing to the inevitable conclusion that the protection of women-victims of domestic violence is inadequate. Hence, the functionality and efficiency of both the existing legislation and the institutions in charge of protection and support of women – victims of domestic violence is being questioned, which is also the subject for analysis in this paper.

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