intense precipitation
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly S. Aho ◽  
Jennifer H. Fair ◽  
Jake D. Hosen ◽  
Ethan D. Kyzivat ◽  
Laura A. Logozzo ◽  
...  

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3346
Author(s):  
Marcos Samuel Matias Ribeiro ◽  
Maria Helena Constantino Spyrides ◽  
Lara de Melo Barbosa Andrade ◽  
Kellen Carla Lima ◽  
Venerando Eustáquio Amaro ◽  
...  

This study aims to analyze the atmospheric conditions associated with an event of intense precipitation caused by Easterly Wave Disturbances (EWDs), as well as the environmental conditions related to the mass gravitational movement that occurred between 14th June and 15th June of 2014, in the district of Mãe Luiza, Natal/RN/Brazil. The synoptic conditions, the vertical integrated moisture flux and the energetic behavior in the EWD’s performance phases were analyzed. In addition to these factors, local environmental aspects were assessed, classifying the vulnerability to disaster events in the affected area. Over the days of the operation of the atmospheric system, the daily accumulation of precipitation was greater than 100 mm, with precipitation accumulated in 3 h in the order of 60 mm for the stages of maturation of the disturbance. The main synoptic conditions associated with EWDs were exhibited by the intense anomalies of wind speed and high humidity flux on the east coast of the Northeast, which intensified the influx of moisture into the continent over the period of the operation of the system. Conditions of high to very high vulnerability were identified in the area where the event took place and also in other expressive parts of the district.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Zschenderlein ◽  
Heini Wernli

Abstract. Precipitation and surface temperature are two of the most important variables that describe our weather and climate. Several previous studies investigated aspects of their relationship, for instance the climatological dependence of daily precipitation on daily mean temperature, P(T). However, the role of specific weather systems in shaping this relationship has not been analysed yet. This study therefore identifies the weather systems (WS) that are associated with intense precipitation days as a function of T, focusing on the question how this relationship, symbolically expressed as P(T,WS), varies regionally across the Northern Hemisphere and between seasons. To this end, we first quantify, if intense precipitation occurs on climatologically warmer or on colder days, respectively. In winter, over most continental and ocean regions, intense precipitation falls on warmer days apart from the Mediterranean area and regions in the lee of the Rocky Mountains, where intense precipitation is favoured on colder days. In summer, only at high latitudes intense precipitation is favoured on warmer days, whereas continental areas experience intense precipitation on colder days. For selected regions in Europe and North America, we then identify the weather systems that occur preferentially on days with intense precipitation (referred to as wet days). In winter, cyclones are slightly dominant on colder wet days, whereas warm conveyor belts and atmospheric rivers occur preferentially on warmer wet days. In summer, the overall influence of atmospheric rivers increases and the occurrence of weather systems depend less on wet day temperature. Wet days in the lee of the Rocky Mountains are influenced by most likely convective systems in anticyclones. Finally, we investigate P(T,WS) during the wettest and driest season in Central Europe and the Central US. In qualitative agreement with the results from the first part of this study, the wettest winter is warmer than normal in Central Europe but colder in the Central US, and the wettest summer is colder in both regions. The opposite holds for the driest winter and summer, respectively. During these anomalous seasons, both the frequency and the precipitation efficiency of weather systems changes in Central Europe, while the wettest and driest seasons in Central US mainly arise from a modified precipitation efficiency. Our results show that the precipitation-temperature-weather system relationship strongly depends on the region, and that (extreme) seasonal precipitation is influenced by the frequency and precipitation efficiency of the different weather systems. This regional variability is reflected in the relative importance of weather system frequency and efficiency anomalies for the formation of anomalously wet and dry seasons.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2834
Author(s):  
Keng-Hao Kang ◽  
Wei-An Chao ◽  
Che-Ming Yang ◽  
Ming-Chien Chung ◽  
Yu-Ting Kuo ◽  
...  

Landslides have caused extensive infrastructure damage and caused human fatalities for centuries. Intense precipitation and large earthquakes are considered to be two major landslide triggers, particularly in the case of catastrophic landslides. The most widely accepted mechanistic explanation for landslides is the effective-stress dependent shear strength reduction due to increases in pore water pressure. The Chashan landslide site, selected for the present study, has been intensively studied from geological, geophysical, geodetic, geotechnical, hydrological, and seismological perspectives. Our seismic monitoring of daily relative velocity changes (dv/v) indicated that landslide material decreases coincided with the first half of the rainy period and increased during the latter half of the rainy period. The geodetic surveys before and after the rainy period identified vertical subsidence without horizontal movement. The results from the multidisciplinary investigation enabled us to draw a conceptual model of the landslide recovery process induced by water loading. Where all sliding materials were stable (safety factor > 1.0), unconsolidated landslide colluvium and impermeable sliding surfaces trapped the seepage water to form a water tank, provided that compact forces were acting on the materials below the sliding boundary. The vertical force of compaction facilitates an increase in the cohesion and strength of landslide materials, thereby increasing the landslide materials’ stability. We demonstrated that the recovery process periodically occurs only under the combined conditions of prolonged and intense precipitation and the related stability conditions.


Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 921
Author(s):  
Emilio Bassini ◽  
Giulio Marchese ◽  
Alberta Aversa

Inconel 718 (IN718) is a nickel-based superalloy with high weldability and is thus ideal for being processed via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Unlike traditional casting, LPBF IN718 develops a complex microstructure due to the rapid solidification that characterizes this manufacturing process. As a result, LPBF microstructures are different from those expected in equilibrium conditions, and for this reason, specific heat treatments should be designed. This paper, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), aims to develop a complete heat treatment that maximizes the material strength, thereby enhancing its microstructure. The paper shows that high-temperature annealing followed by two aging steps is the most suitable way to achieve the abovementioned task. More specifically, a complete dissolution of the δ phase via solution annealing at 1080 °C is the key factor in gaining an even and intense precipitation of γ′ and γ″ during the subsequent aging treatments. The microstructural analyses showed the elimination of needle-like δ particles and detrimental Laves phases. At the same time, intense precipitation of spherical and of discoidal reinforcing particles was achieved by performing the aging treatments at 720 and 630 °C, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (s1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Adrián Varga

Abstract We live in the times of climate change when global temperatures are constantly rising. The impacts of climate change will also be felt in agriculture in Slovakia: increased productivity and yields in colder areas, reduced production in warmer areas due to temperature stress, risk of erosion as a result of more extreme weather conditions (stronger winds, more intense precipitation), the occurrence of new pests etc. Hence, we should be prepared for adaptation measures that would help mitigate it. The aim of this paper is to present the impacts of climate change on agriculture and land, and to offer adaptation measures, and show the prognosis of the climate indicator Ts >10 °C from now until 2100.


Author(s):  
David T. Bolvin ◽  
George J. Huffman ◽  
Eric J. Nelkin ◽  
Jackson Tan

AbstractSatellite-based precipitation estimates provide valuable information where surface observations are not readily available, especially over the large expanses of the ocean where in-situ precipitation observations are very sparse. This study compares monthly precipitation estimates from the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) with gauge observations from 37 low-lying atolls from the Pacific Rainfall Database for the period June 2000 – August 2020. Over the analysis period, IMERG estimates are slightly higher than the atoll observations by 0.67% with a monthly correlation of 0.68. Seasonally, DJF shows excellent agreement with a near-zero bias, while MAM shows IMERG is low by 4.6%, and JJA is high by 1.2%. SON exhibits the worst performance, with IMERG overestimating by 6.5% compared to the atolls. The seasonal correlations are well-contained in the range 0.67 – 0.72, with the exception of SON at 0.62. Furthermore, SON has the highest RMSE at 4.70 mm/day, making it the worst season for all metrics. Scatterplots of IMERG versus atolls show IMERG, on average, is generally low for light precipitation accumulations and high for intense precipitation accumulations, with best agreement at intermediate rates. Seasonal variations exist at light and intermediate rate accumulations, but IMERG consistently overestimates at intense precipitation rates. The differences between IMERG and atolls varies over time but does not exhibit any discernable trend or dependence on atoll population. The PACRAIN atoll gauges are not wind-loss corrected, so application of an appropriate adjustment would increase the precipitation amounts compared to IMERG. These results provide useful insight to users as well as valuable information for future improvements to IMERG.


Author(s):  
Carlo Montes ◽  
Nachiketa Acharya ◽  
S. M. Quamrul Hassan ◽  
Timothy J. Krupnik

AbstractExtreme precipitation events are a serious threat to societal well-being over rainy areas such as Bangladesh. The reliability of studies of extreme events depends on data quality and their spatial and temporal distribution, although these subjects remain knowledge gaps in many countries. This work focuses on the analysis of four satellite-based precipitation products for monitoring intense rainfall events: the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station Data (CHIRPS), the PERSIANN-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR), the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals (IMERG), and the CPC Morphing Technique (CMORPH). Five indices of intense rainfall were considered for the period 2000-2019 and a set of 31 rain gauges for evaluation. The number and amount of precipitation associated with intense rainfall events are systematically underestimated or overestimated throughout the country. While random errors are higher over the wetter and higher-elevation north- and southeastern parts of Bangladesh, biases are more homogeneous. CHIRPS, PERSIANN-CDR and IMERG perform similar capturing total seasonal rainfall, but variability is better represented by CHIRPS and IMERG. Better results were obtained by IMERG, followed by PERSIANN-CDR and CHIRPS, in terms of climatological intensity indices based on percentiles, although the three products exhibited systematic errors. IMERG and CMORPH systematically overestimate the occurrence of intense precipitation events. IMERG showed the best performance representing events over a value of 20 mm/day; CMORPH exhibited random and systematic errors strongly associated with a poor representation of interannual variability in seasonal total rainfall. The results suggest that the datasets have different potential use and such differences should be considered in future applications regarding extreme rainfall events and risk assessment in Bangladesh.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Audoux ◽  
Benoit Laurent ◽  
Béatrice Marticorena ◽  
Gilles Bergametti ◽  
Jean Louis Rajot ◽  
...  

<p>In the semi-arid Sahel region, wet deposition can represent more than half of the total annual deposition and are associated to different rainfall types, from stratiform precipitation to convective systems. Surface parameters such as temperature, wind speed, wind direction as well as rainfall rate can be used to distinguish these situations. We investigate the behaviour of dust wet deposition at the event-scale based on a multiannual (2007 to 2016) monitoring of wet deposition fluxes, PM10 concentration, precipitation and meteorological parameters in two Sahelian stations Banizoumbou (Niger, 13.54°N, 2.66 E) and Cinzana (Mali, 13.28°N, 5.93°W) of the INDAAF network. Rainfall events have been classified into three types: (i) stratiform, convective associated with (ii) weak precipitation or (iii) intense precipitation. This classification is based on selected criteria regarding evolutions of surface temperature, of wind speed and direction before and after the rainfall onset as well as on the event rainfall rate. Based on an interpretation of hundreds of single events, almost 25% of wet deposition events are associated with non-convective situation, more than 40% with atmospheric convective situation and weak precipitation, and more than 35% events with atmospheric convective situation combined with intense precipitation. This exhaustive work over a long-time period of measurements illustrates the predominance of convective situations regarding wet deposition in the two Sahelian stations. Washout ratios (WR) have been computed from PM10 concentrations, precipitation and deposition fluxes for each kind of events when data were concomitant. The dependency of WR to precipitation amount is shown to differ depending on the rain types. For instance, the decreasing dependency of WR with the precipitation amount of non-convective events has been quantified and could be explained by a dilution effect of the deposition. On the contrary, no clear dependency of WR with the precipitation has been observed for atmospheric convective conditions associated with intense rainfall rate.</p>


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