Role of different immune cells and metabolic pathways in modulating the immune response in pancreatic cancer (Review)

The small GTPase RhoA, and its down-stream effector ROCK kinase, and the interacting Rac1 and mTORC2 pathways, are the principal regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-related functions in all eukaryotic cells, including the immune cells. As such, they also regulate the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in the immune response and beyond. Here, we review the results of our and other’s studies on the role of the actin and RhoA pathway in shaping the macrophage functions in general and macrophage immune response during the development of chronic (long term) rejection of allografts in the rodent cardiac transplantation model. We focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection therapies.

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The role of systemic therapy in localized pancreatic cancer (review)

Annaly khirurgicheskoy gepatologii = Annals of HPB surgery ◽

10.16931/1995-5464.2019365-72 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 65-72

Author(s):

L. G. Zhukova ◽

K. S. Grechukhina ◽

S. A. Smolin ◽

B. I. Bammatov

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Surgical Oncology ◽

Anticancer Therapy ◽

Toxicity Profile ◽

Resectable Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Borderline Resectable ◽

Results Of Treatment ◽

Cancer Review ◽

New Concepts

The results of treatment of localized (early) pancreatic cancer are unsatisfactory despite all achievements of modern clinical and surgical oncology. Nevertheless, certain success was achieved even in these extremely unfavorable patients regarding their prognosis. The authors analyzed evolution of adjuvant therapy, as well as new concepts in the treatment of borderline resectable and resectable pancreatic cancer. Modern anticancer therapy with acceptable toxicity profile significantly improved the outcomes. However, further research is needed to improve the effectiveness of treatment despite favorable current results.

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Abstract 2676: Role of the RON kinase in the regulation of the antitumor immune response in pancreatic cancer

10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-2676 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Alex Cazes ◽

Michele L. Babicky ◽

Jeffery Chakedis ◽

Divya Sood ◽

Dawn Jaquish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Immune Response ◽

Antitumor Immune Response

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Role of Leptin in the Activation of Immune Cells

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2010/568343 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 201

Author(s):

Patricia Fernández-Riejos ◽

Souad Najib ◽

Jose Santos-Alvarez ◽

Consuelo Martín-Romero ◽

Antonio Pérez-Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Humoral Factors ◽

Endocrine Organ ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Infection Susceptibility

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that secretes various humoral factors (adipokines), and its shift to production of proinflammatory cytokines in obesity likely contributes to the low-level systemic inflammation that may be present in metabolic syndrome-associated chronic pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Leptin is one of the most important hormones secreted by adipocytes, with a variety of physiological roles related to the control of metabolism and energy homeostasis. One of these functions is the connection between nutritional status and immune competence. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has been shown to regulate the immune response, innate and adaptive response, both in normal and pathological conditions. The role of leptin in regulating immune response has been assessed in vitro as well as in clinical studies. It has been shown that conditions of reduced leptin production are associated with increased infection susceptibility. Conversely, immune-mediated disorders such as autoimmune diseases are associated with increased secretion of leptin and production of proinflammatory pathogenic cytokines. Thus, leptin is a mediator of the inflammatory response.

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Moms, babies, and bugs in immune development

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.12182.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 2141

Author(s):

Katie Alexander ◽

Charles O. Elson

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Mucosal Immunity ◽

The Other ◽

Primary Role ◽

Initial Development ◽

Immune Development ◽

The One

Bacteria and mammals have co-evolved with one another over millennia, and it has become impossible to interpret mucosal immunity without taking the microbiota into consideration. In fact, the primary role of the mucosal immune system is regulating homeostasis and the host relationship with the microbiota. Bacteria are no longer seen as simply invading pathogens, but rather a necessary component to one’s own immune response. On the one hand, the microbiota is a vital educator of immune cells and initiator of beneficial responses; but, on the other, dysbiosis of microbiota constituents are associated with inflammation and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we will consider recent advances in the understanding of how the microbiota influences host mucosal immunity, particularly the initial development of the immune response and its implications.

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The role of the immune system in tendon healing: a systematic review

British Medical Bulletin ◽

10.1093/bmb/ldz040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 133 (1) ◽

pp. 49-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emanuele Chisari ◽

Laura Rehak ◽

Wasim S Khan ◽

Nicola Maffulli

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Tendon Healing ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Healing Response

Abstract Introduction The role of the immune system in tendon healing relies on polymorphonucleocytes, mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes, the ‘immune cells’ and their cytokine production. This systematic review reports how the immune system affects tendon healing. Sources of data We registered our protocol (registration number: CRD42019141838). After searching PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, we included studies of any level of evidence published in peer-reviewed journals reporting clinical or preclinical results. The PRISMA guidelines were applied, and risk of bias and the methodological quality of the included studies were assessed. We excluded all the articles with high risk of bias and/or low quality after the assessment. We included 62 articles assessed as medium or high quality. Areas of agreement Macrophages are major actors in the promotion of proper wound healing as well as the resolution of inflammation in response to pathogenic challenge or tissue damage. The immune cells secrete cytokines involving both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors which could affect both healing and macrophage polarization. Areas of controversy The role of lymphocytes, mast cells and polymorphonucleocytes is still inconclusive. Growing points The immune system is a major actor in the complex mechanism behind the healing response occurring in tendons after an injury. A dysregulation of the immune response can ultimately lead to a failed healing response. Areas timely for developing research Further studies are needed to shed light on therapeutic targets to improve tendon healing and in managing new way to balance immune response.

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Pancreatic Macrophages: Critical Players in Obesity-Promoted Pancreatic Cancer

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers12071946 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1946

Author(s):

Yaroslav Teper ◽

Guido Eibl

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Review Article ◽

Cancer Development ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Inflammatory Macrophages ◽

Pancreatic Neoplasia ◽

The Impact

Obesity is a known risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest types of malignancies. In recent years it has become clear that the pancreatic microenvironment is critically involved and a contributing factor in accelerating pancreatic neoplasia. In this context obesity-associated chronic inflammation plays an important role. Among several immune cells, macrophages have been shown to contribute to obesity-induced tissue inflammation. This review article summarizes the current knowledge about the role of pancreatic macrophages in early pancreatic cancer development. It describes the heterogenous origin and mixture of pancreatic macrophages, their role in pancreatic endocrine and exocrine pathology, and the impact of obesity on islet and stromal macrophages. A model is postulated, by which during obesity monocytes are recruited into the pancreas, where they are polarized into pro-inflammatory macrophages that drive early pancreatic neoplasia. This occurs in the presence of local inflammatory, metabolic, and endocrine signals. A stronger appreciation and more detailed knowledge about the role of macrophages in early pancreatic cancer development will lead to innovative preventive or interceptive strategies.

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Role of intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures as key modulators in the antitumor immune response in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatology ◽

10.1016/j.pan.2020.07.228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

pp. S125

Author(s):

C. Mota Reyes ◽

R. Istvanffy ◽

O. Safak ◽

B. Konukiewitz ◽

A. Muckenhuber ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Immune Response ◽

Antitumor Immune Response ◽

Tertiary Lymphoid Structures ◽

Lymphoid Structures

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The Role of Syk/CARD9-Coupled C-Type Lectin Receptors in Immunity toMycobacterium tuberculosisInfections

Clinical and Developmental Immunology ◽

10.1155/2010/567571 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Mohlopheni Jackson Marakalala ◽

Lisa M. Graham ◽

Gordon D. Brown

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pattern Recognition ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Innate Immune Cells ◽

Lectin Receptors ◽

Molecular Patterns

There is increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying the interactions that occur betweenMycobacterium tuberculosisand host innate immune cells. These cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which recognise mycobacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and which can influence the host immune response to the infection. Although many of the PRRs appear to be redundant in the control ofM. tuberculosisinfectionin vivo, recent discoveries have revealed a key, nonredundant, role of the Syk/CARD9 signalling pathway in antimycobacterial immunity. Here we review these discoveries, as well as recent data investigating the role of the Syk/CARD9-coupled PRRs that have been implicated in mycobacterial recognition, including Dectin-1 and Mincle.

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From Innate to Adaptive Immune Response in Muscular Dystrophies and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: The Role of Lymphocytes

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/438675 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Luca Madaro ◽

Marina Bouché

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽

Current View ◽

Muscle Necrosis

Skeletal muscle is able to restore contractile functionality after injury thanks to its ability to regenerate. Following muscle necrosis, debris is removed by macrophages, and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), the muscle stem cells, are activated and subsequently proliferate, migrate, and form muscle fibers restoring muscle functionality. In most muscle dystrophies (MDs), MuSCs fail to properly proliferate, differentiate, or replenish the stem cell compartment, leading to fibrotic deposition. However, besides MuSCs, interstitial nonmyogenic cells and inflammatory cells also play a key role in orchestrating muscle repair. A complete understanding of the complexity of these mechanisms should allow the design of interventions to attenuate MDs pathology without disrupting regenerative processes. In this review we will focus on the contribution of immune cells in the onset and progression of MDs, with particular emphasis on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We will briefly summarize the current knowledge and recent advances made in our understanding of the involvement of different innate immune cells in MDs and will move on to critically evaluate the possible role of cell populations within the acquired immune response. Revisiting previous observations in the light of recent evidence will likely change our current view of the onset and progression of the disease.

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