scholarly journals New family-level characters for Platygastroidea

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 235-249
Author(s):  
István Mikó ◽  
Monique Raymond ◽  
Elijah J. Talamas
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
New Family ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level

Platygastridae (Hymenoptera) is a diverse family of parasitoid wasps for which few studies of internal morphology have been conducted. The monophyly of the group is undisputed based on recently published molecular data, but based on morphology, the family is diagnosable from other platygastroids only by a combination of character reductions. In the present study we explored the mesosoma of Platygastroidea and found two new synapomorphies for Platygastridae: an externally visible anterior mesofurcal pit, which corresponds to an invagination that connects to the anterior portion of the mesofurca, and internally, a posteriorly shifted origin of the first wing flexors. The absence of a mesofurcal bridge and the exclusively mesopectal origin of the fore wing flexors are treated as synapomorphies for Platygastridae+Janzenellidae. Phylogenetic implications and evolutionary hypotheses regarding these traits are discussed.

Back to the Future? Molecules Take Us Back to the 1925 Classification of the Lembophyllaceae (Bryopsida)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Quandt ◽  
Sanna Huttunen ◽  
Ray Tangney ◽  
Michael Stech
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
New Family ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Plastid Markers ◽  
Pleurocarpous Moss

Although the Lembophyllaceae has undergone considerable revision during the last century, the generic and familial level relationships of this pleurocarpous moss family are still poorly understood. To address this problem, a generic revision of the Lembophyllaceae based on molecular data was undertaken. We analyzed two plastid markers, the trnL-trnF and the psbT-psbH region in combination with the ITS2 of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The molecular data reveal that the current circumscription of the family is too narrow and that several genera previously placed in the Lembophyllaceae should be reincluded. The family includes: Bestia, Camptochaete, Dolichomitra, Dolichomitriopsis, Fallaciella, Fifea, Isothecium, Lembophyllum, Looseria stat. nov., Pilotrichella, Rigodium, Tripterocladium, and Weymouthia. Looseria contains a single species: Looseria orbiculata comb. nov. Acrocladium is excluded and provisionally accommodated in the Lepyrodontaceae. Generic limits supported by the molecular data support a return to the early twentieth century family concept of Brotherus. The analyses indicate that the segregate genus Orthostichella is distinct from its parent genus Pilotrichella, probably at the family level. Whereas Pilotrichella is resolved within the Lembophyllaceae, Orthostichella clusters with Porotrichum and Porothamnium forming a clade (OPP-clade) sister to the remaining Neckeraceae and Lembophyllaceae. Hence, the Neckeraceae is paraphyletic. Recognition of the OPP-clade as a new family is desirable but awaits the results of detailed ongoing morphological studies.

scholarly journals Designation of a new family group name, Tonzidae fam. nov., for the genus Tonza (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutoidea), based on immature stages of Tonza citrorrhoa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeki Kobayashi ◽  
Haruka Matsuoka ◽  
Masaaki Kimura ◽  
Jae-Cheon Sohn ◽  
Yutaka Yoshiyasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Family Group ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
First Time

The systematic position of Tonza Walker, 1864 is re-evaluated, based on the characteristics of immature stages and DNA barcodes. Larvae and pupae of Tonza citrorrhoa Meyrick, 1905 are described and illustrated for the first time. Larvae of this species form a loose web among the leaves and branches of the host plant, Putranjiva matsumurae Koidz. (Putranjivaceae Endl.). The immature stages of Tonza exhibit four unique apomorphies including: in the larva, the prolegs on A5 and A6 absent, and the seta L2 on the A1–A8 very small; in the pupa, four minute knobs are positioned in the middle portion on abdominal segments V and VI; while its caudal processes possess a W-shaped spine with numerous minute spines. These characteristics clearly distinguish Tonza from other yponomeutoid families and hence, we propose a new family group name, Tonzidae Kobayashi & Sohn fam. nov., for the genus Tonza. Existing DNA barcode data suggest a relationship with Glyphipterigidae Stainton, 1854. The family level status of Tonzidae fam. nov. provides a hypothesis that needs to be tested with larger molecular data.

scholarly journals Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1731) ◽  
pp. 1093-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Heikkilä ◽  
Lauri Kaila ◽  
Marko Mutanen ◽  
Carlos Peña ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

Although the taxonomy of the ca 18 000 species of butterflies and skippers is well known, the family-level relationships are still debated. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the superfamilies Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea and Hedyloidea to date based on morphological and molecular data. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. We estimated times and rates of diversification along lineages in order to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Our results suggest that the butterflies, as traditionally understood, are paraphyletic, with Papilionidae being the sister-group to Hesperioidea, Hedyloidea and all other butterflies. Hence, the families in the current three superfamilies should be placed in a single superfamily Papilionoidea. In addition, we find that Hedylidae is sister to Hesperiidae, and this novel relationship is supported by two morphological characters. The families diverged in the Early Cretaceous but diversified after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene event. The diversification of butterflies is characterized by a slow speciation rate in the lineage leading to Baronia brevicornis , a period of stasis by the skippers after divergence and a burst of diversification in the lineages leading to Nymphalidae, Riodinidae and Lycaenidae.

scholarly journals Polyphyly and homoplasic structures in rhizosolenioid diatom genera: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-149
Author(s):  
Richard W. Jordan ◽  
Matt P. Ashworth ◽  
Yuki Uezato ◽  
Schonna R. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Single Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Scanning Electron

Background and aims – Traditionally, extant rhizosolenioid diatom genera have been placed in a single family, the Rhizosoleniaceae. However, preliminary molecular data suggested that the family might be polyphyletic. Therefore, a literature review of the morphological, ultrastructural and molecular data of the rhizosolenioid genera was undertaken. Methods – In addition to the literature survey, the location of the rimoportula in a number of rhizosolenioid genera was investigated by breaking the valves and observing the fragments in the scanning electron microscope. Key results – The data provides strong support for the previous separation of Proboscia and Rhizosolenia at the family level (Probosciaceae vs. Rhizosoleniaceae), with the rimoportula being located at the tip of the proboscis in Proboscia, or with an internal labia at the base of the hollow tubular rimoportula (= spine or process) in Rhizosolenia and Pseudosolenia. Conclusions – The data suggests that a number of rhizosolenioid genera should be transferred to other families, and that gene sequences of two genera (Dactyliosolen and Neocalyptrella) are needed as their morphological features differ markedly from those of the Rhizosoleniceae s. str. (Rhizosolenia, Guinardia, Pseudosolenia).

Augmentation of French grunt diet description using combined visual and DNA-based analyses

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Hargrove ◽  
Daryl C. Parkyn ◽  
Debra J. Murie ◽  
Amanda W. J. Demopoulos ◽  
James D. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
Haemulon Flavolineatum ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pharyngeal Teeth ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Trophic Linkages ◽  
French Grunt

Trophic linkages within a coral-reef ecosystem may be difficult to discern in fish species that reside on, but do not forage on, coral reefs. Furthermore, dietary analysis of fish can be difficult in situations where prey is thoroughly macerated, resulting in many visually unrecognisable food items. The present study examined whether the inclusion of a DNA-based method could improve the identification of prey consumed by French grunt, Haemulon flavolineatum, a reef fish that possesses pharyngeal teeth and forages on soft-bodied prey items. Visual analysis indicated that crustaceans were most abundant numerically (38.9%), followed by sipunculans (31.0%) and polychaete worms (5.2%), with a substantial number of unidentified prey (12.7%). For the subset of prey with both visual and molecular data, there was a marked reduction in the number of unidentified sipunculans (visual – 31.1%, combined – 4.4%), unidentified crustaceans (visual – 15.6%, combined – 6.7%), and unidentified taxa (visual – 11.1%, combined – 0.0%). Utilising results from both methodologies resulted in an increased number of prey placed at the family level (visual – 6, combined – 33) and species level (visual – 0, combined – 4). Although more costly than visual analysis alone, our study demonstrated the feasibility of DNA-based identification of visually unidentifiable prey in the stomach contents of fish.

scholarly journals A Novel Parasitoid of Marine Dinoflagellates, Pararosarium dinoexitiosum gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa, Alveolata), Showing Characteristic Beaded Sporocytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boo Seong Jeon ◽  
Myung Gil Park
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Marine Dinoflagellates ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Intensive Sampling

The phylum Perkinsozoa is known as an exclusively parasitic group within alveolates and is widely distributed in various aquatic environments from marine to freshwater environments. Nonetheless, their morphology, life cycle, the identity of the host, and physiological characteristics remain still poorly understood. During intensive sampling along the west coast of Korea in October and November 2017, a new parasitoid, which shares several characteristics with the extant families Perkinsidae and Parviluciferaceae, was discovered and three strains of the new parasitoid were successfully established in cultures. Cross-infection experiments showed that among the examined planktonic groups, only dinoflagellates were susceptible to the new parasitoid, with infections observed in species belonging to eight genera. Even though the new parasitoid shared many morphological and developmental characteristics with other Perkinsozoan parasites, it differed from them by its densely packed trophocyte structure without a large vacuole or hyaline material during the growth stage. These characteristics are common among Parviluciferaceae members. Furthermore, through palintomic extracellular sporogenesis, it produced characteristic interconnected sporocytes resembling a string of beads. Phylogenetic analyses based on the small subunit and large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences revealed that the new parasitoid was distantly related to the family Parviluciferaceae and was more closely related to the families Perkinsidae and Xcellidae. Morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular data on the new parasitoid raised the need to erect a new family, i.e., Pararosariidae, within the phylum Perkinsozoa with Pararosarium dinoexitiosum gen. et sp. nov. as the type species. The isolation and establishment in culture of the new parasitoid outside the family Parviluciferaceae in the present study would contribute to the better understanding of the diversity of Perkinsozoan parasites and provide useful material for comparisons to other parasite species in the further study.

Cnidocysts of Caryophylliidae and Dendrophylliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractinia): Taxonomic Distribution and Phylogenetic Implications

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3135 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATASHA PICCIANI ◽  
DÉBORA O. PIRES ◽  
HÉLIO R. SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Taxonomic Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mesenterial Filaments

Caryophylliidae Dana, 1846 and Dendrophylliidae Gray, 1847 are families of widespread hard corals (order Scleractinia) composed mainly of azooxanthellate corals. A growing body of molecular data has provided new insights on hard-coral evolution, suggesting that many of the traditionally recognized families are not monophyletic. The morphology of the skeletal parts has been the only source of evidence for the taxonomy of the group for many years. Soft anatomy has been less explored, and recently, with the increased use of molecular evidence, anatomical studies have decreased in importance. As a result, for many taxa, we know little or nothing about variation in soft tissue morphology and their use for systematics has never been explored. In this study we examined the cnidocysts of two species of caryophylliids and of four dendrophylliids, and synthesized previous studies on the subject. We performed a morphological phylogenetic analysis, based on eight informative characters, which includes eight species of dendrophylliids and 11 caryophylliid taxa. Five taxa belonging to the families Poritidae, Flabellidae, and Fungiacyathidae were also scored for these morphological characters. The aims were to investigate the diversity of cnidocysts in members of the two families and test the monophyly of Dendrophylliidae. The data support a dendrophylliid clade and indicate the presence of b-rhabdoids (1) in mesenterial filaments as a synapomorphy of the family. The taxonomic distribution of two other characters contradicts the clade (Dendrophylliidae + Poritidae) suggested by molecular analyses. Our results reinforce the relevance of soft tissue studies in hard-corals to reconstructing their phylogeny.

scholarly journals A new classification of the Xanthoidea sensu lato (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) based on phylogenetic analysis and traditional systematics and evaluation of all fossil Xanthoidea sensu lato

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (01-02) ◽  
pp. 23-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Karasawa ◽  
Carrie E. Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Family Status ◽  
New Classification ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level

A phylogenetic analysis was conducted including representatives from all recognized extant and extinct families of the Xanthoidea sensu lato, resulting in one new family, Hypothalassiidae. Four xanthoid families are elevated to superfamily status, resulting in Carpilioidea, Pilumnoidoidea, Eriphioidea, Progeryonoidea, and Goneplacoidea, and numerous subfamilies are elevated to family status. The Mathildellidae is moved from the Goneplacidae to the Portunoidea. Diagnoses for all superfamilies and families discussed herein are provided, embracing characters typically used by biologists as well as readily fossilized features of the dorsal carapace, sternum, abdomen, and chelipeds. All genera known from the fossil record at one time referred to the Xanthidae sensu lato, Xanthoidea sensu lato, or Goneplacidae sensu latowere evaluated as to their family level placement and as a result, the family-level placement of many of these genera has been changed herein. Balcacarcinusnew substitute name, is provided herein for BittneriaSchweitzer and Karasawa, 2004.

scholarly journals Acari of Canada

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 77-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Beaulieu ◽  
Wayne Knee ◽  
Victoria Nowell ◽  
Marla Schwarzfeld ◽  
Zoë Lindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Feather Mites ◽  
Index Numbers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Substantial Progress

Summaries of taxonomic knowledge are provided for all acarine groups in Canada, accompanied by references to relevant publications, changes in classification at the family level since 1979, and notes on biology relevant to estimating their diversity. Nearly 3000 described species from 269 families are recorded in the country, representing a 56% increase from the 1917 species reported by Lindquist et al. (1979). An additional 42 families are known from Canada only from material identified to family- or genus-level. Of the total 311 families known in Canada, 69 are newly recorded since 1979, excluding apparent new records due solely to classification changes. This substantial progress is most evident in Oribatida and Hydrachnidia, for which many regional checklists and family-level revisions have been published. Except for recent taxonomic leaps in a few other groups, particularly of symbiotic mites (Astigmata: feather mites; Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae), knowledge remains limited for most other taxa, for which most species records are unpublished and may require verification. Taxonomic revisions are greatly needed for a large majority of families in Canada. Based in part on species recorded in adjacent areas of the USA and on hosts known to be present here, we conservatively estimate that nearly 10,000 species of mites occur in Canada, but the actual number could be 15,000 or more. This means that at least 70% of Canada’s mite fauna is yet unrecorded. Much work also remains to match existing molecular data with species names, as less than 10% of the ~7500 Barcode Index Numbers for Canadian mites in the Barcode of Life Database are associated with named species. Understudied hosts and terrestrial and aquatic habitats require investigation across Canada to uncover new species and to clarify geographic and ecological distributions of known species.

Five new morphological types of virgulate and microcotylous xiphidiocercariae based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Shchenkov ◽  
S.A. Denisova ◽  
G.A. Kremnev ◽  
A.A. Dobrovolskij
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
First Time

Abstract The phylogenetic position of most xiphidiocercariae from subgroups Cercariae virgulae and Cercariae microcotylae remains unknown or unclear, even at the family level. In this paper, we studied the morphology and molecular phylogeny of 15 microcotylous and virgulate cercariae (11 new and four previously described ones). Based on morphological and molecular data, we suggested five distinct morphological types of xiphidiocercariae, which are a practical alternative to Cercariae virgulae and Cercariae microcotylae subgroups. Four of these types correspond to actual digenean taxa (Microphallidae, Lecithodendriidae, Pleurogenidae and Prosthogonimidae), while the fifth is represented by Cercaria nigrospora Wergun, 1957, which we classified on the basis of molecular data for the first time. We reassessed the relative importance of morphological characters used for the classification of virgulate and microcotylous cercariae, and discussed the main evolutionary trends within xiphidiocercariae. Now stylet cercariae can be reliably placed into several sub-taxa of Microphalloidea on the basis of their morphological features.

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