scholarly journals Preventive Measures during Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Seong-Ho Choi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originating from China began in late 2019 and became prevalent worldwide in early 2020. Korea was one of the closest countries to China and was forced to go through this pandemic. In the absence of vaccines or effective antiviral drugs, we have no choice but to re-use the old preventive measures used by humans in the past. In this review, I would like to discuss the preventive measures used in Korea during the pandemic.

A Potential Infection Hazard Associated with the Use of Disposable Saline Vials

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Rutala ◽  
Marsha M. Stiegel ◽  
Felix A. Sarubbi
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Therapy ◽  
Streptococcus Viridans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractNosocomial respiratory tract infections have occasionally been associated with contaminated respiratory therapy devices and techniques. In the past two years, our hospital purchased disposable saline squeeze vials for use during suctioning of intubated patients. These vials have a cap which must be flipped or twisted-off by the user before the contents can be instilled into the patient's respiratory tract. We observed use of this item in our intensive care units (ICU) and studied the potential for contamination. ICU nurses use ungloved hand(s) to flip or twist-off squeeze vial cups resulting in skin contact with the vial opening. Cultures of nurses' hands and squeeze vial contents were obtained in the ICU where 24 nurses opened 92 vials in the manner previously described. Twenty-three percent of vial contents were contaminated and cultures revealed S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus viridans and enterococcus. On six occasions, organisms recovered from vial contents were believed to be identical to organisms isolated from the hands of the nurse who opened the vial. When nurses used care in removing the saline vial cap, cultures of vial contents were sterile.

scholarly journals Study on Knowledge and Practices of Ayurvedic Preventive Measures for Respiratory Tract Infections

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
B. L. Edirisinghe ◽  
W. M. S. S. K. Kulathunga
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
World Health ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory diseases have become world health burden. It has been estimated that 65 million people have moderate severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases from which about 3 million die each year. Objective of this survey study was to assess knowledge and practice of Intern medical officers on Ayurvedic preventive measures for managing respiratory tract infectious diseases. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among the Intern Medical Officers during their training program. 85 respondents out of 150 were assessed for their knowledge and practices on Ayurvedic preventive measures for Respiratory tract infections by using pre-structured questionnaire. Among the sampled students, most of them were female 92.9% (79) and unmarried 51.8% (44). The mean age and the standard deviation of the respondents were 28.25 + 0.815 years. There were 41(48.2%) Intern medical students with good knowledge, 42(49.4%) were with satisfactory knowledge and 2.4% of the study group was having the little knowledge. Most of the respondents 56(65.9%) were doing good practice on preventing RTI and 29 (34.1%) respondents were doing bad practice. Overall the respondents have good practice on prevention of RTI with the mean score of 19.9 + 2.589.

scholarly journals Bacterial Etiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Turkey: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmas pınar kahraman ◽  
Imdat Kilbas ◽  
Ihsan Hakkj Ciftci
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Primary Healthcare Centers

Context & Objective: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are prevalent diseases and a major cause of referral to primary healthcare centers. The present study aimed to identify the bacterial etiology of LRTIs to determine the trend changes within the past three decades and help ascertain the new scenarios of empirical LRTI therapy in Turkey. Data Sources: This systematic review was conducted by searching various electronic databases based on specified criteria. In total, 2,670 articles were identified, which had been published during 1990 - 2020 and could be potentially used, and 46 scientific studies that met the eligibility criteria were selected for the review. Results: The most frequently isolated bacteria in the reviewed studies were Acinetobacter spp. (31.68%), P. aeruginosa (16.59%), H. influenzae (14.30%), and S. pneumoniae (13.80%). Data analysis also indicated that the most frequent reports of LRTI agents were in Aegean region in Turkey during 2014-2020. Conclusions: This systematic review reflected the changes in LRTI agents over the past three decades in Turkey. Knowledge of the frequency of LRTI bacterial agents specific to each country could help healthcare professionals in reporting laboratory results and prescribing/selecting the most effective antibiotics for the treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals Predictors of community acquired childhood pneumonia among 2–59 months old children in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muluken Genetu Chanie ◽  
Mequannent Sharew Melaku ◽  
Melaku Yalew ◽  
Mastewal Arefaynie ◽  
Gedamnesh Bitew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Government Employee ◽  
Childhood Pneumonia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Worldwide, pneumonia is the third leading cause of death in under 5 years children. Ethiopia is ranked 4th out of 15 countries having the highest burdens of the death rate among under-five children due to pneumonia. Regardless of this fact, efforts to identify determinants of pneumonia have been limited yet in Amhara region. This study was aimed to identify predictors of community-acquired childhood pneumonia among 2–59 months old children in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Methods Facility-based case–control study was conducted in the Amhara region from June 4 to July 15, 2018, among 28 health centers distributed across the region. The total sample size used was 888 (296 cases and 592 controls) children whose age were 2–59 months. At first, multistage sampling technique was employed. Data were collected on a face-to-face interview. Epi data v. 4.6 for data entry and statistical packages for social sciences version 23 for data analysis were used. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to test the associations between the study variables at P-value < 0.05 with 95% CI. As a result, determinants were identified for CAP. Results Among 888 enrolled children (296 cases and 592 controls), who experienced a community-acquired pneumonia had an increased risk of maternal age of 18–24 years (AOR 0.03, at 95%CI (0.01, 0.14), Government employee (AOR 0.19, at 95% CI (0.07,0.54), lack of separate kitchen (AOR 5.37; at 95% CI (1.65, 17.43), history of diarrhea in the past two weeks (AOR 10.2; at 95% CI (5.13, 20.18), previous respiratory tract infections (AOR 8.3, at 95% CI (3.32, 20.55) and history of parental asthma (AOR 4.9, at 95% CI (2.42, 10.18). Conclusion Maternal age of 18–24 years and government employee, lack of separate kitchen, history of diarrhea in the past two weeks; previous respiratory tract infection and history of parental asthma were found statistically significant. Health personnel’s needs to focus on creating awareness to the community on the merit of the separate kitchen for reduction of Community-acquired childhood pneumonia, and focus on prevention and management of childhood diarrheal and acute respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and Streptococcus pneumoniae Coinfection in a Previously Healthy Child

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Kimberly C. Vu ◽  
Gloria P. Heresi ◽  
Michael L. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Healthy Child ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Bacterial Coinfection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This novel coronavirus has been responsible for a pandemic that continues to devastate nations worldwide. COVID-19, like other viruses, causes pneumonia. However, unlike other viral respiratory tract infections such as influenza, bacterial coinfection in COVID-19 patients has uncommonly been described in adult and pediatric patients. We report a case of Streptococcus pneumoniae and COVID-19 coinfection in a previously healthy 4-year-old child.

scholarly journals Immune Dysregulation and the Increased Risk of Complications and Mortality Following Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults With Down Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomer Illouz ◽  
Arya Biragyn ◽  
Maria Florencia Iulita ◽  
Lisi Flores-Aguilar ◽  
Mara Dierssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Complications And Mortality

The risk of severe outcomes following respiratory tract infections is significantly increased in individuals over 60 years, especially in those with chronic medical conditions, i.e., hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer. Down Syndrome (DS), the most prevalent intellectual disability, is caused by trisomy-21 in ~1:750 live births worldwide. Over the past few decades, a substantial body of evidence has accumulated, pointing at the occurrence of alterations, impairments, and subsequently dysfunction of the various components of the immune system in individuals with DS. This associates with increased vulnerability to respiratory tract infections in this population, such as the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), and bacterial pneumonias. To emphasize this link, here we comprehensively review the immunobiology of DS and its contribution to higher susceptibility to severe illness and mortality from respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hira Karim ◽  
Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Viral Strain ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections

Emerging and reemerging pathogens is a global challenge for public health. Recently, a novel coronavirus disease emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province of China, in December 2019. It is named COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO). It is known to be caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are structurally more complicated as compared to other RNA viruses. This viral epidemic has led to the deaths of many, including the elderly or those with chronic disease or compromised immunity. Viruses cause infection and diseases in humans of varying degrees, upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) cause common cold while lower respiratory tract infections induce pneumonia, bronchitis, and even severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The costs of COVID-19 are not limited. It equally affects all the medical, sociological, psychological, and economic aspects globally. This is regarded as the third deadly outbreak in the last two decades after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS (2002&ndash;2003) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS (2012). Based on the sequence homology of SARS-CoV-2, different animal sources including bats, snakes, and pangolins have been reported as potential carriers of this viral strain. Real-time RT-PCR represents the primary method for the diagnosis of new emerging viral strain SARS-CoV-2. The transmission dynamics suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted from person-to-person through direct contact or coughing, sneezing, and by respiratory droplets. Several anti-viral treatments including lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, chloroquine phosphate, and abidor are also suggested with different recommendations and prescriptions. Protective and preventive strategies as suggested by various health organization i.e. WHO and US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) must be adopted by everyone. This review covers the important aspects of novel COVID-19 including characteristics, virology, symptoms, diagnostics, clinical aspects, transmission dynamics, and protective measures of COVID-19.

scholarly journals The potential application of probiotics and prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin N. Olaimat ◽  
Iman Aolymat ◽  
Murad Al-Holy ◽  
Mutamed Ayyash ◽  
Mahmoud Abu Ghoush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Human Immunity ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new viral infection was first identified in China in December 2019, and it has subsequently spread globally. The lack of a vaccine or curative treatment for COVID-19 necessitates a focus on other strategies to prevent and treat the infection. Probiotics consist of single or mixed cultures of live microorganisms that can beneficially affect the host by maintaining the intestinal or lung microbiota that play a major role in human health. At present, good scientific evidence exists to support the ability of probiotics to boost human immunity, thereby preventing colonization by pathogens and reducing the incidence and severity of infections. Herein, we present clinical studies of the use of probiotic supplementation to prevent or treat respiratory tract infections. These data lead to promising benefits of probiotics in reducing the risk of COVID-19. Further studies should be conducted to assess the ability of probiotics to combat COVID-19.

scholarly journals A minireview on nanoparticle-based sensors for detection of coronaviruses

Bioanalysis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaheh Rahimpour ◽  
Farzaneh Lotfipour ◽  
Abolghasem Jouyban
Keyword(s):  
Optical Property ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Reliable Detection ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Human Viruses

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a class of viruses that cause respiratory tract infections in birds and mammals. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome are pathogenic human viruses. The ongoing coronavirus causing a pandemic of COVID-19 is a recently identified virus from this group. The first step in the control of spreading the disease is to detect and quarantine infected subjects. Consequently, the introduction of rapid and reliable detection methods for CoVs is crucial. To date, several methods were reported for the detection of coronaviruses. Nanoparticles play an important role in detection tools, thanks to their high surface-to-volume ratio and exclusive optical property enables the development of susceptible analytical nanoparticle-based sensors. The studies performed on using nanoparticles-based (mainly gold) sensors to detect CoVs in two categories of optical and electrochemical were reviewed here. Details of each reported sensor and its relevant analytical parameters are carefully provided and explained.

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