scholarly journals Predictors of community acquired childhood pneumonia among 2–59 months old children in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muluken Genetu Chanie ◽  
Mequannent Sharew Melaku ◽  
Melaku Yalew ◽  
Mastewal Arefaynie ◽  
Gedamnesh Bitew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Government Employee ◽  
Childhood Pneumonia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Worldwide, pneumonia is the third leading cause of death in under 5 years children. Ethiopia is ranked 4th out of 15 countries having the highest burdens of the death rate among under-five children due to pneumonia. Regardless of this fact, efforts to identify determinants of pneumonia have been limited yet in Amhara region. This study was aimed to identify predictors of community-acquired childhood pneumonia among 2–59 months old children in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Methods Facility-based case–control study was conducted in the Amhara region from June 4 to July 15, 2018, among 28 health centers distributed across the region. The total sample size used was 888 (296 cases and 592 controls) children whose age were 2–59 months. At first, multistage sampling technique was employed. Data were collected on a face-to-face interview. Epi data v. 4.6 for data entry and statistical packages for social sciences version 23 for data analysis were used. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to test the associations between the study variables at P-value < 0.05 with 95% CI. As a result, determinants were identified for CAP. Results Among 888 enrolled children (296 cases and 592 controls), who experienced a community-acquired pneumonia had an increased risk of maternal age of 18–24 years (AOR 0.03, at 95%CI (0.01, 0.14), Government employee (AOR 0.19, at 95% CI (0.07,0.54), lack of separate kitchen (AOR 5.37; at 95% CI (1.65, 17.43), history of diarrhea in the past two weeks (AOR 10.2; at 95% CI (5.13, 20.18), previous respiratory tract infections (AOR 8.3, at 95% CI (3.32, 20.55) and history of parental asthma (AOR 4.9, at 95% CI (2.42, 10.18). Conclusion Maternal age of 18–24 years and government employee, lack of separate kitchen, history of diarrhea in the past two weeks; previous respiratory tract infection and history of parental asthma were found statistically significant. Health personnel’s needs to focus on creating awareness to the community on the merit of the separate kitchen for reduction of Community-acquired childhood pneumonia, and focus on prevention and management of childhood diarrheal and acute respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals Immune Dysregulation and the Increased Risk of Complications and Mortality Following Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults With Down Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomer Illouz ◽  
Arya Biragyn ◽  
Maria Florencia Iulita ◽  
Lisi Flores-Aguilar ◽  
Mara Dierssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Complications And Mortality

The risk of severe outcomes following respiratory tract infections is significantly increased in individuals over 60 years, especially in those with chronic medical conditions, i.e., hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer. Down Syndrome (DS), the most prevalent intellectual disability, is caused by trisomy-21 in ~1:750 live births worldwide. Over the past few decades, a substantial body of evidence has accumulated, pointing at the occurrence of alterations, impairments, and subsequently dysfunction of the various components of the immune system in individuals with DS. This associates with increased vulnerability to respiratory tract infections in this population, such as the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), and bacterial pneumonias. To emphasize this link, here we comprehensively review the immunobiology of DS and its contribution to higher susceptibility to severe illness and mortality from respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals Respiratory tract infections in children with allergic asthma on allergen immunotherapy during influenza season

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuyun Li ◽  
Dongming Wang ◽  
Lili Zhi ◽  
Yunmei Zhu ◽  
Lan Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Allergic Asthma ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Allergen Immunotherapy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
The Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Stage 1

AbstractTo describle how respiratory tract infections (RTIs) that occurred in children with allergic asthma (AA) on allergen immunotherapy (AIT) during an influenza season. Data including clinical symptoms and treatment history of children (those with AA on AIT and their siblings under 14 years old), who suffered from RTIs during an influenza season (Dec 1st, 2019–Dec 31st, 2019), were collected (by face to face interview and medical records) and analyzed. Children on AIT were divided into 2 groups: stage 1 (dose increasing stage) and stage 2 (dose maintenance stage). Their siblings were enrolled as control. During the study period, 49 children with AA on AIT (33 patients in stage 1 and 16 patients in stage 2) as well as 49 children without AA ( their siblings ) were included. There were no significant differences in occurrences of RTIs among the three groups (p > 0.05). Compared with children in the other two groups, patients with RTIs in stage 2 had less duration of coughing and needed less medicine. Children on AIT with maintenance doses had fewer symptoms and recovered quickly when they were attacked by RTIs, which suggested that AIT with dose maintenance may enhance disease resistance of the body.

scholarly journals Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Associated with Rhinovirus during Infancy and Increased Risk of Wheezing during Childhood. A Cohort Study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e69370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina O’Callaghan-Gordo ◽  
Quique Bassat ◽  
Núria Díez-Padrisa ◽  
Luis Morais ◽  
Sónia Machevo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tract Infections

A Potential Infection Hazard Associated with the Use of Disposable Saline Vials

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Rutala ◽  
Marsha M. Stiegel ◽  
Felix A. Sarubbi
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Therapy ◽  
Streptococcus Viridans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractNosocomial respiratory tract infections have occasionally been associated with contaminated respiratory therapy devices and techniques. In the past two years, our hospital purchased disposable saline squeeze vials for use during suctioning of intubated patients. These vials have a cap which must be flipped or twisted-off by the user before the contents can be instilled into the patient's respiratory tract. We observed use of this item in our intensive care units (ICU) and studied the potential for contamination. ICU nurses use ungloved hand(s) to flip or twist-off squeeze vial cups resulting in skin contact with the vial opening. Cultures of nurses' hands and squeeze vial contents were obtained in the ICU where 24 nurses opened 92 vials in the manner previously described. Twenty-three percent of vial contents were contaminated and cultures revealed S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus viridans and enterococcus. On six occasions, organisms recovered from vial contents were believed to be identical to organisms isolated from the hands of the nurse who opened the vial. When nurses used care in removing the saline vial cap, cultures of vial contents were sterile.

scholarly journals LB2. TORC1 Inhibition with RTB101 as a Potential Pan-Antiviral Immunotherapy to Decrease the Incidence of Respiratory Tract Infections Due to Multiple Respiratory Viruses in Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S993-S994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Mannick ◽  
Amelia Tomlinson ◽  
Sarb Shergill ◽  
Grace Teo ◽  
Lloyd Klickstein
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Intent To Treat ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Antiviral Gene

Abstract Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of hospitalization and death in people age ≥65 years. RTIs are caused by multiple viruses, most of which lack effective treatments. An immunotherapy that enhances pan-antiviral innate immunity may reduce RTI incidence in older adults. Inhibition of targets downstream of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) was reported to upregulate pan-antiviral gene expression and protect mice from a viral RTI (York AG et al. Cell 2015). We evaluated whether TORC1 inhibition increased antiviral gene expression and decreased RTI incidence in older adults. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo, controlled study was conducted to determine whether the TORC1 inhibitor RTB101 alone or in combination with the TORC1 inhibitor everolimus reduced the incidence of laboratory-confirmed RTIs. The study enrolled 652 older adults at increased risk of RTI-related morbidity and mortality (defined as age ≥85 years, or age ≥65 years with asthma, COPD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or current smokers). Subjects were treated for 16 weeks during winter cold and flu season with oral RTB101 5 mg or 10 mg once daily (QD), RTB101 10 mg twice daily, RTB101 10 mg + everolimus 0.1 mg QD, or matched placebo. The primary endpoint was the percentage of subjects with ≥1 laboratory-confirmed RTI through Week 16. Results RTB101 was well tolerated. In the intent-to-treat analysis, RTB101 10 mg QD was observed to: reduce the percentage of subjects with laboratory-confirmed RTIs by 30.6% compared with placebo (P = 0.025); reduce the incidence of RTIs caused by multiple different viruses; and upregulate interferon-stimulated pan-antiviral gene expression in whole blood (P = 0.00001 vs. placebo, Figure 1). Furthermore, RTB101 10 mg QD was observed to reduce the time to alleviation of moderate to severe RTI symptoms by 5 days, and to reduce the rate of all-cause hospitalization (rate ratio 0.439, 90% CI 0.196–0.983, P = 0.047). Conclusion RTB101 10 mg QD was associated with a significant reduction in laboratory-confirmed RTIs due to multiple viral pathogens that lack effective medicines for treatment or prevention. RTB101 was observed to upregulate interferon-stimulated pan-antiviral gene expression, which may underlie the reduction in RTI incidence. Disclosures Joan Mannick, MD, resTORbio (Employee, Shareholder), Amelia Tomlinson, PhD, resTORbio (Employee), Sarb Shergill, PhD, resTORbio (Employee), Grace Teo, PhD, resTORbio (Employee), Lloyd Klickstein, MD, PhD, resTORbio (Employee).

scholarly journals Long term respiratory outcomes following solid organ transplantation in children: a retrospective cohort study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Wright ◽  
Mark Chilvers ◽  
Tom Blydt-Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Respiratory Complications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Outcomes

Background Solid organ transplantation (SOT) has become commonly used in children and is associated with excellent survival rates into adulthood. Data regarding long-term respiratory outcomes following pediatric transplantation are lacking. We aimed to describe the prevalence and nature of respiratory pathology following pediatric heart, kidney, and liver transplant, and identify potential risk factors for respiratory complications. Methods Retrospective review involving all children under active follow-up at the provincial transplant service in British Columbia, Canada, following SOT. Results Of 118 children, 33% experienced respiratory complications, increasing to 54% in heart transplant recipients. Chronic or recurrent cough with persistent chest x-ray changes was the most common clinical picture, and most infections were with non-opportunistic organisms typically found in otherwise healthy children. A history of respiratory illness prior to transplant was significantly associated with risk of post-transplant respiratory complications. 8% were diagnosed with bronchiectasis, which was more common in recipients of heart and kidney transplant. Bronchiectasis was associated with recurrent hospital admissions with lower respiratory tract infections, treatment of acute rejection episodes, and treatment with sirolimus. Interpretation Respiratory morbidity is common after pediatric SOT, and bronchiectasis rates were disproportionately high in this patient group. We hypothesise that this relates to recurrent infections resulting from iatrogenic immunosuppression. Direct pulmonary toxicity from immunosuppression drugs may also be contributory. A high index of suspicion for respiratory complications is needed following childhood SOT, particularly in those with a history of respiratory disease prior to transplant, experiencing recurrent or severe respiratory tract infections, or exposed to intensified immunosuppression.

scholarly journals Bacterial Etiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Turkey: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmas pınar kahraman ◽  
Imdat Kilbas ◽  
Ihsan Hakkj Ciftci
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Primary Healthcare Centers

Context & Objective: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are prevalent diseases and a major cause of referral to primary healthcare centers. The present study aimed to identify the bacterial etiology of LRTIs to determine the trend changes within the past three decades and help ascertain the new scenarios of empirical LRTI therapy in Turkey. Data Sources: This systematic review was conducted by searching various electronic databases based on specified criteria. In total, 2,670 articles were identified, which had been published during 1990 - 2020 and could be potentially used, and 46 scientific studies that met the eligibility criteria were selected for the review. Results: The most frequently isolated bacteria in the reviewed studies were Acinetobacter spp. (31.68%), P. aeruginosa (16.59%), H. influenzae (14.30%), and S. pneumoniae (13.80%). Data analysis also indicated that the most frequent reports of LRTI agents were in Aegean region in Turkey during 2014-2020. Conclusions: This systematic review reflected the changes in LRTI agents over the past three decades in Turkey. Knowledge of the frequency of LRTI bacterial agents specific to each country could help healthcare professionals in reporting laboratory results and prescribing/selecting the most effective antibiotics for the treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals The Safety of Delayed Versus Immediate Antibiotic Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjeerd Pieter van Staa ◽  
Victoria Palin ◽  
Benjamin Brown ◽  
William Welfare ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background This study aimed to evaluate the clinical safety of delayed antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), which is recommended in treatment guidelines for less severe cases. Methods Two population-based cohort studies used the English Clinical Practice Research Databank and Welsh Secure Anonymized Information Linkage, containing electronic health records from primary care linked to hospital admission records. Patients with URTI and prescriptions of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, or phenoxymethylpenicillin were identified. Patients were stratified according to delayed and immediate prescribing relative to URTI diagnosis. Outcome of interest was infection-related hospital admission after 30 days. Results The population included 1.82 million patients with an URTI and antibiotic prescription; 91.7% had an antibiotic at URTI diagnosis date (immediate) and 8.3% had URTI diagnosis in 1–30 days before (delayed). Delayed antibiotic prescribing was associated with a 52% increased risk of infection-related hospital admissions (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.43–1.62). The probability of delayed antibiotic prescribing was unrelated to predicted risks of hospital admission. Analyses of the number needed to harm showed considerable variability across different patient groups (median with delayed antibiotic prescribing, 1357; 2.5% percentile, 295; 97.5% percentile, 3366). Conclusions This is the first large population-based study examining the safety of delayed antibiotic prescribing. Waiting to treat URTI was associated with increased risk of hospital admission, although delayed antibiotic prescribing was used similarly between high- and low-risk patients. There is a need to better target delayed antibiotic prescribing to URTI patients with lower risks of complications.

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