scholarly journals Microbiome and Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-317
Author(s):  
Moonki Hong ◽  
Minkyu Jung
Keyword(s):  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
The Relationship

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved promising clinical results in cancer treatment over the past decade. However, the efficacy of ICIs is less than 30% in most tumor types, and studies are underway to identify the predictive factors responsive to ICIs. More than 1,000 species of microorganisms live in the human body, and the second human genome project, The Human Microbiome Project, has been conducted to understand human diseases through interactions with microbes. As the microbiome project has progressed, many studies have reported on the association between microorganisms and human diseases, including preclinical and clinical studies on the relationship between ICIs and the microbiome. Therefore, in this manuscript, the relationship between the microbiome and cancer, especially the effectiveness of ICIs, is reviewed.

Dynamic relationships among tumor, immune response, and microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Takuya Tsunoda ◽  
Kazunori Shimada ◽  
Naoki Uchida ◽  
Shinichi Kobayashi ◽  
Yasutsuna Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Advanced Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Recently, the analysis of microbiota has been of interest not only for the clarification of the molecular mechanisms of disease etiology, but also the discovery of novel strategies for treatment. Following the development of "next-generation" sequencing, novel areas have been discovered in microbiota; however, in oncology, the relationships between microbiota and cancer have not been fully clarified. In recent literature, surprisingly, detection of gut microbiota in tumor issue itself has been reported. Microbiota might play an important role in carcinogenesis. However, this phenomenon is not well understood, and research in this area has just begun. In the past five years, a paradigm shift has occurred in cancer treatment due to immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has made cure possible even in advanced cancer patients with not only melanoma but also non-small cell lung cancer and others. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of novel immunotherapies, checkpoint inhibitors, and the relationship between microbiota and immunotherapy. It is of significance to clarify this relationship because it may lead to the discovery of predictive markers for immunotherapy and promote clinical efficacy. Finally, we also mention our activities in the construction of a big database for information on immunotherapy and microbiota, which may lead to excellent possibilities of discovering novel strategies for more effective cancer treatments, and may accelerate the alteration of cancers to the classification of chronic nonfatal disease.

scholarly journals Forensic Human Identification for Cutaneous Microbiome, a Brief Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-251
Author(s):  
Natasha R.F. Novaes ◽  
Isabel C. M. Fensterseifer ◽  
José L. R. Martins ◽  
Osmar N. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Identification ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Forensic Identification ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Predictive Algorithms ◽  
Forensic Microbiology ◽  
The Relationship

Forensic Science compounds many study areas in context of solving crimes, one of which is the forensic microbiology. Combined with genomic approaches, microbiology has shown strong performance in studies regarding the relationship between microorganisms present on human skin and environment. The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has contributed significantly to characterization of microbial complexity and their connection to human being. The purpose of this work consists of a historical overview of scientific articles, demonstrating the growth and possibility of using skin microbiome in forensic identification. Studies about use of cutaneous microbiome in human identification, as well its forensic approaches, were looked into for writing of this review. Comparisons among cutaneous microbial communities and manipulated objects have been tested using 16S rRNA, as well as a thorough sequencing of the bacterial genome. From use of ecological measures of distance to genetic markers with nucleotide variants and predictive algorithms, research has shown promising results for advances in field of forensic identification. The development of metagenomic microbial panel markers, named hidSkinPlax for targeted sequencing has been designed and tested with great results. Research results show satisfactory potential in human identification by cutaneous microbiome and the possibility for contributive use in elucidating crimes.

Integrating microbiome, transcriptome and metabolome data to investigate gastric disease pathogenesis: a concise review

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalla Doohan ◽  
Yudith Annisa Ayu Rezkitha ◽  
Langgeng Agung Waskito ◽  
Ratha-korn Vilaichone ◽  
Yoshio Yamaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Gastric Disease ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Multiple Datasets ◽  
High Throughput Technology ◽  
Functional Profiling ◽  
Condition Indicator ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract Microbiome, the study of microbial communities in specific environments, has developed significantly since the Human Microbiome Project began. Microbiomes have been associated with changes within environmental niches and the development of various diseases. The development of high-throughput technology such as next-generation sequencing has also allowed us to perform transcriptome studies, which provide accurate functional profiling data. Metabolome studies, which analyse the metabolites found in the environment, are the most direct environmental condition indicator. Although each dataset provides valuable information on its own, the integration of multiple datasets provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between the host, agent and environment. Therefore, network analysis using multiple datasets might give a clearer understanding of disease pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Immunotherapy to treat malignancy in patients with pre-existing autoimmunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Boland ◽  
Anna C Pavlick ◽  
Jeffrey Weber ◽  
Sabina Sandigursky
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Retrospective Data ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

In the past 10 years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become an additional pillar of cancer therapy by activating the immune system to treat a number of different malignancies. Many patients receiving ICIs develop immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that mimic some features of classical autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, patients with underlying autoimmune conditions, many of whom have an increased risk for malignancy, have been excluded from clinical trials of ICIs due to a concern that they will have an increased risk of irAEs. Retrospective data from patients with autoimmune diseases and concomitant malignancy treated with ICIs are encouraging and suggest that ICIs may be tolerated safely in patients with specific autoimmune diseases, but there are no prospective data to guide management. In this manuscript, we review the relationship between pre-existing autoimmune disease and irAEs from checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, we assess the likelihood of autoimmune disease exacerbations in patients with pre-existing autoimmunity receiving ICI.

scholarly journals Telomerase as a Target for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines and Considerations for Optimizing Their Clinical Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Espen Basmo Ellingsen ◽  
Sara M. Mangsbo ◽  
Eivind Hovig ◽  
Gustav Gaudernack
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Clinical Potential ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

Telomerase-based therapeutic cancer vaccines (TCVs) have been under clinical investigation for the past two decades. Despite past failures, TCVs have gained renewed enthusiasm for their potential to improve the efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. Telomerase stands as an attractive target for TCVs due to its almost universal presence in cancer and its essential function promoting tumor growth. Herein, we review tumor telomerase biology that may affect the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination and provide insights on optimal vaccine design and treatment combinations. Tumor types possessing mechanisms of increased telomerase expression combined with an immune permissive tumor microenvironment are expected to increase the therapeutic potential of telomerase-targeting cancer vaccines. Regardless, rational treatment combinations, such as checkpoint inhibitors, are likely necessary to bring out the true clinical potential of TCVs.

scholarly journals Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome: an evolving story

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiraporn Jitprapaikulsan ◽  
Pritikanta Paul ◽  
Smathorn Thakolwiboon ◽  
Shivam Om Mittal ◽  
Sean J Pittock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome ◽  
Neurological Syndrome ◽  
Onconeural Antibodies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysmotility ◽  
The Past ◽  
Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Distant Tumor

Abstract Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) comprises a group of neurological disorders that result from a misguided immune response to the nervous system triggered by a distant tumor. These disorders frequently manifest before the diagnosis of the underlying neoplasm. Since the first reported case in 1888 by Oppenheim, the knowledge in this area has evolved rapidly. Several classic PNS have been described, such as limbic encephalitis, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, encephalomyelitis, opsoclonus-myoclonus, sensory neuronopathy, Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome, and chronic gastrointestinal dysmotility. It is now recognized that PNS can have varied nonclassical manifestations that extend beyond the traditional syndromic descriptions. Multiple onconeural antibodies with high specificity for certain tumor types and neurological phenotypes have been discovered over the past 3 decades. Increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to increased recognition of neurologic ICI-related adverse events. Some of these resemble PNS. In this article, we review the clinical, oncologic, and immunopathogenic associations of PNS.

scholarly journals Immunotherapies in Genitourinary Oncology: Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going?

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5065
Author(s):  
Albert Jang ◽  
David M. Adler ◽  
Grant P. Rauterkus ◽  
Mehmet A. Bilen ◽  
Pedro C. Barata
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food ◽  
Genitourinary Cancers ◽  
Tumor Types

For decades, limited options existed to treat metastatic genitourinary cancers, including treatment options that could be classified as immunotherapy. Historically, immunotherapy centered on systemic cytokines for the treatment of metastatic kidney cancer, which had several adverse effects, as well as the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine for non-metastatic bladder cancer. Within the past decade, advances in immunotherapy have led to several approvals from the United States Food and Drug Administration, particularly in the field of immune checkpoint inhibition. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now being used extensively to treat multiple solid tumors, including kidney and bladder cancers, and they are also being tested in many other cancers. Despite encouraging data from phase 2/3 clinical trials, less is known about biomarkers that may predict better response to ICIs. The effect of ICIs in genitourinary cancers is heterogeneous, with some tumor types having little clinical data available, or ICIs having limited activity in other tumors. In this review, we briefly discuss approved immunotherapy agents prior to the time of ICIs. Then, given the emergence of this class of agents, we summarize the several important ICIs and the clinical trials that led to their approval. Finally, we mention ongoing and future clinical trials.

scholarly journals Dynamic relationships among tumor, immune response, and microbiota

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Tsunoda ◽  
Kazunori Shimada ◽  
Naoki Uchida ◽  
Shinichi Kobayashi ◽  
Yasutsuna Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Advanced Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Recently, the analysis of microbiota has been of interest not only for the clarification of the molecular mechanisms of disease etiology, but also the discovery of novel strategies for treatment. Following the development of “next-generation” sequencing, novel areas have been discovered in microbiota; however, in oncology, the relationships between microbiota and cancer have not been fully clarified. In recent literature, surprisingly, detection of gut microbiota in tumor issue itself has been reported. Microbiota might play an important role in carcinogenesis. However, this phenomenon is not well understood, and research in this area has just begun. In the past five years, a paradigm shift has occurred in cancer treatment due to immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has made cure possible even in advanced cancer patients with not only melanoma but also non-small cell lung cancer and others. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of novel immunotherapies, checkpoint inhibitors, and the relationship between microbiota and immunotherapy. It is of significance to clarify this relationship because it may lead to the discovery of predictive markers for immunotherapy and promote clinical efficacy. Finally, we also mention our activities in the construction of a big database for information on immunotherapy and microbiota, which may lead to excellent possibilities of discovering novel strategies for more effective cancer treatments, and may accelerate the alteration of cancers to the classification of chronic nonfatal disease.

The Simulation Gene Regulatory Boolean Network Based on the Sequential Circuit

2014 ◽  
Vol 686 ◽  
pp. 463-469
Author(s):  
Zhen Cheng Fang
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Boolean Network ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Boolean Model ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Basic Network ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Independent Existence

Along with the completion of HGP (human genome project), huge amounts of genetic data constantly emerge. Research suggests that genes are not in independent existence and the expression of a gene will promote or inhibit the expression of another gene; if the expression of a gene makes the biochemical environment of cells changed, the expression of a series of genes will be affected. In order to get a better understanding of the relationship between genes, all sorts of gene regulatory network models have been established by scientists. In this paper, a variety of gene regulatory networks are first introduced according to the process of this subject research, and then the most basic network (i.e. Boolean network) is emphatically analyzed, and then a new method (i.e. Boolean network based on the theory of circuit) to describe Boolean network is drawn forth. After the shortcomings of the Boolean network proposed in the past are analyzed, a simulation circuit Boolean model is established using EDA technology in order to improve the Boolean network.

scholarly journals Butyrophilin-like 9 expression is associated with outcome in lung adenocarcinoma

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weishuang Ma ◽  
Jiaming Liang ◽  
Junjian Mo ◽  
Siyuan Zhang ◽  
Ningdong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Prognostic Biomarker ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Nsclc Patients ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Kaplan Meier Plotter

Abstract Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most prevalent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with LUAD have a poor 5-year survival rate. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of LUAD has been on the rise in the past decade. This study explored the prognostic role of butyrophilin-like 9 (BTNL9) in LUAD. Methods Gene expression profile of buytrophilins (BTNs) was determined using the GEPIA database. The effect of BTNL9 on the survival of LUAD patients was assessed using Kaplan-Meier plotter and OncoLnc. Correlation between BTNL9 expression and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TILs) was explored using TIMER and GEPIA databases. Further, the relationship between BTNL9 expression and drug response was evaluated using CARE. Besides, construction and evaluation of nomogram based on BTNL9 expression and TNM stage. Results BTNL9 expression was downregulated in LUAD and was associated with a poor probability of 1, 3, 5-years overall survival (OS). In addition, BTNL9 expression was regulated at epigenetic and post-transcriptional modification levels. Moreover, BTNL9 expression was significantly positively correlated with ImmuneScore and ESTIMATEScore. Furthermore, BTNL9 expression was positively associated with infiltration levels of B cells, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that BTNL9 expression in B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) was significantly associated with OS. BTNL9 expression was significantly positively correlated with CARE scores. Conclusions These findings show that BTNL9 is a potential prognostic biomarker for LUAD. Low BTNL9 expression levels associated with low infiltration levels of naïve B cells, and DCs in the tumor microenvironment are unfavorable for OS in LUAD patients.

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