A retrospective case-control study to investigate horse and jockey level risk factors associated with horse falls in Irish Point-to-Point races

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-234
Author(s):  
L.J. Smith ◽  
G. Tabor ◽  
J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Point To Point

Horse racing as a high-risk sport can pose a significant risk to equine welfare. There have been limited epidemiological reviews of fall risk specific to point-to-point racing. This study aimed to identify horse and jockey level risk factors associated with horse falls and compare these to published findings for Hurdle and Steeplechase racing. The study used a retrospective matched case-control design. Relevant variables were identified, and information was collated for all races in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Cases and controls were matched with a 1:3 ratio. Controls (n=2,547) were selected at random from all horses that completed in the same race (n=849). Horse and jockey level variables were analysed through univariable analysis to inform multivariable model building. A final matched case-control multivariable logistic regression model was refined, using fall/no fall as the dependent variable, through a backward stepwise process. Horse age was associated with an increased risk of horse falls. For every 1 unit increase in age there was a 1.2 times increased fall risk. The number of races ran within 12 months was associated with a decreased risk of falling. The jockeys previous seasons percentage wins was associated with the risk of horse falls. Jockeys who had 0-4% wins and 5-9% wins had an increase in risk compared to those who had over 20% wins/runs. The jockeys previous seasons percentage of falls (F) or unseating of the rider (UR) was associated with the risk of horse falls with jockeys who had over 20% F/UR having a 50% increased chance of falling compared to those who had 0-4% F/UR. Retrospective analysis of horse and jockey falls has exposed risk factors that have been previously identified in hurdle and steeplechase racing. Identification of risk factors is essential when considering future research and interventions aimed at improving horse and jockey safety.

A retrospective case control study to investigate race level risk factors associated with horse falls in Irish point-to-point races

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Smith ◽  
G. Tabor ◽  
J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Point To Point

Horseracing as a high-risk sport can pose a significant risk to equine welfare. To date no epidemiological reviews of fall risk in horseracing have investigated the risks specific to point-to-point (PTP) racing. This study aimed to identify the main race level risk factors associated with horse falls in Irish PTP and to compare these to published findings for hurdle and steeplechase racing. The study used a retrospective case-control design. Relevant variables were identified and information was collated for all PTP races in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons. Race-level variables were analysed through univariable analysis to inform multivariable model building. A final multivariable logistic regression model was refined, using fall/no fall as the dependent variable, through a backward stepwise process with variables retained if likelihood ratio test P-values were <0.05. During the study period 1,358 PTP races were recorded, 727 races (54%) included at least one horse fall. The fall frequency noted during the current study was 88/1000 starts. Race category impacted the odds of a fall occurring with all categories of maiden races having increased odds of falls compared to open races. Maiden races for 6 year olds and 6 and 7 year olds had the greatest chance of falling with 6.9 times increased odds. The chance of a race containing a fall increased 38% for each additional runner and was reduced by 25% for every horse that pulled up during the race. Using a larger data set could enable further sub-models to be developed. In the current study some of the variables had a low number of cases and/or controls which limited the analysis. Retrospective analysis of fall risk exposed some risk factors that have been previously identified in hurdle and steeplechase racing. The variables identified could inform future research and interventions aimed at improving horse and jockey safety whilst racing.

scholarly journals Staffing and Patient-related Factors Affecting in-patient Fall-related Injury in a Psychiatric Hospital: A 5-year Retrospective Matched Case-control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Acharaporn Seeherunwong ◽  
Chanya Thunyadee ◽  
Wipa Vanichakit ◽  
Pavinee thanabodeethumacharee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Incidence of fall-related injury of psychiatric in-patients was more frequent and the severity greater than in general units. Also, the risk factors were different and more complicated. The aim of this study was to investigate the staffing factors and patient-related factors that increase the likelihood of fall-related injury among psychiatric in-patients. Methods: A five-year retrospective matched case-control study was used to select cases of in-patient fall which were reported to the hospital risk management system. The total sample consisted of 240 patients. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Of the eighty fall-related injuries, 86.3% resulted in temporary harm and required intervention. The multivariate model showed that the three strongest predictors were having an acute psychotic condition (adjusted matched odds ratio (aOR)=5.40; 95%CI 4.22-6.90; p< 0.001), proportion of nurse staffing equal to nurse assistants (aOR=5.52; 95%CI 2.64-11.55; p<0.001), and taking atypical antipsychotic drug (aOR=3.92; 95%CI 3.22-4.76; p<0.001). In addition, the following factors all increased the risk of fall-related injury significantly: using more than four drugs, having a medical illness, having comorbid psychiatric disorder, taking lithium, anti-Parkinson, benzodiazepine, and anti-convulsant drugs. Regarding staffing factors, patient numbers in the unit of 25-50, and ≥ 51, also significantly increased risk for fall than having patient numbers of 25 or fewer. Nurse to patient ratios of 1:16-30, and 1: 31-45 significantly increased the fall risk compared to ratios of 1: 1-15. Conclusions: The risk factors found are expected to be of use for assessing fall risk and managing staff workload in psychiatric units.

Risk Factors Associated With Dengue Fever Outbreak in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, 2018: Case-control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkareem Ali Hussein Nassar ◽  
Amr Abdulaziz Torbosh ◽  
Yassin Abdulmalik Mahyoub ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Al Amad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is a significant health problem in Yemen especially in the coastal areas. On November 6, 2018, Taiz governorates surveillance officer notified the Ministry of Public Health and Population on an increase in the number of suspected DF in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate. On November 7, 2018, Field Epidemiology Training Program sent a team to perform an investigation. The aims were to confirm and describe the outbreak by person, place and time in Taiz governorate, and identify its risk factors.Methodology: Descriptive and case-control study (1:2 ratio) were conducted. WHO case definition was used to identify cases in Al Qahirah or Al Mudhaffar districts during August-November 2018. Control was selected from the same districts who did not suffer from DF. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data related to sociodemographic, behavioral and environmental characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise analyses were used. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. A P value < 0.05 was considered as the cut point for statistically significant. Epi info version 7.2 was used.Results: A total of 50 DF cases were found. Almost 52% were males and 76% were <30 years of age. The overall attack rate was 1/10,000 of the population. Case fatality rate was 4%. In multivariate analysis, not working (aOR = 26.6, 95% CI: 6.8–104.7), not using mosquito repellent (aOR = 13.9, 95% CI:1.4–136.8), wearing short sleeves/pants (aOR = 27.3, 95% CI: 4.8–156.8), poor sanitation (aOR = 5.4, 95% CI: 1.4–20.3), presence of outdoor trees (aOR = 13.2, 95% CI: 2.8–63.0) and houses without window nets (aOR = 15.7, 95% CI: 3.9–63.4) were statistically significant risk factors associated with DF outbreak. Eleven 11 (58%) of blood samples were positive for DF IgM.Conclusions: DF outbreak in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate was confirmed. This study provides evidence-based information regarding the identified risk factors that contributed to the occurrence of this outbreak. Raising community awareness on the importance of personal protection measures and improving the sanitation services are strongly recommended.

Outcomes of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection and the Impact of Antimicrobial and Adjunctive Therapies

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1099-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopi Patel ◽  
Shirish Huprikar ◽  
Stephanie H. Factor ◽  
Stephen G. Jenkins ◽  
David P. Calfee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Patient Survival ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

Background.Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is an emerging healthcare-associated pathogen.Objective.To describe the epidemiology of and clinical outcomes associated with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection and to identify risk factors associated with mortality among patients with this type of infection.Setting.Mount Sinai Hospital, a 1,171-bed tertiary care teaching hospital in New York City.Design.Two matched case-control studies.Methods.In the first matched case-control study, case patients with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection were compared with control patients with carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae infection. In the second case-control study, patients who survived carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection were compared with those who did not survive, to identify risk factors associated with mortality among patients with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection.Results.There were 99 case patients and 99 control patients identified. Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection was independently associated with recent organ or stem-cell transplantation (P = .008), receipt of mechanical ventilation (P = .04), longer length of stay before infection (P = .01), and exposure to cephalosporins (P = .02) and carbapenems (P < .001). Case patients were more likely than control patients to die during hospitalization (48% vs 20%; P < .001) and to die from infection (38% vs 12%; P < .001). Removal of the focus of infection (ie, debridement) was independently associated with patient survival (P = .002). The timely administration of antibiotics with in vitro activity against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was not associated with patient survival.Conclusions.Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection is associated with numerous healthcare-related risk factors and with high mortality. The mortality rate associated with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection and the limited antimicrobial options for treatment of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection highlight the need for improved detection of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae infection, identification of effective preventive measures, and development of novel agents with reliable clinical efficacy against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae.

Risk factors associated with the isolation of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: A matched case-control study

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios K. Matthaiou ◽  
Argyris Michalopoulos ◽  
Petros I. Rafailidis ◽  
Drosos E. Karageorgopoulos ◽  
Vassiliki Papaioannou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Between 0 and 23 Months of Age in a Peri-Urban District in Pakistan: A Matched Case–Control Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Mir ◽  
Shabina Ariff ◽  
Maria Bhura ◽  
Suhail Chanar ◽  
Apsara Ali Nathwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) accounts for nearly 15% of all childhood mortality in South Asia, with children from rural areas at higher risk due to inaccessibility to healthcare facilities. We therefore aimed to identify risk factors associated with ARI in children under 2 years of age in rural Pakistan.Methods: A retrospective 1:2 matched case–control study was conducted between October and December 2018 in Taluka Kotri, Jamshoro District of Pakistan. Cases were identified as children between 0 and 23 months of age with a history of fever, cough, sore throat, fast breathing, difficulty breathing, or chest indrawing in the 2 weeks prior to the survey. Controls were participants without symptoms of ARI, matched based on age in months. Data analysis was conducted using STATA version 15. Univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with ARI, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: We identified 1,071 cases of ARI who were matched with 2,142 controls. Multivariable analysis revealed that female gender [odds ratio (OR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67–0.91], exclusive breastfeeding (OR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.69–0.97), and comorbidity with diarrhea (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.40–1.91) were significantly associated with ARI.Conclusion: Pakistan continues to progress toward reducing childhood mortality, particularly ARI-related deaths, for which it bears a great burden. This study identifies risk factors such as the male gender, breastfeeding, and comorbidities with diarrhea, which could open grounds for further programmatic implications in targeting a multifaceted approach to reducing incidences of ARI in rural areas of the country.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for rectal colonization with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in hospital: a matched case-control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
marianna meschiari ◽  
Shaniko Kaleci ◽  
Gabriella Orlando ◽  
Silvia Selmi ◽  
Antonella Santoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background During the last decade carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) became hyper-endemic in hospitals due to difficult to control spreading. Our aim is to identify risk factors for nosocomial rectal CRAB colonization in an endemic hospital. Methods A retrospective matched case-control study (ratio 1:2) with a prospective inclusion of cases and concurrent selection of controls was conducted from January 2017 to December 2018 in a tertiary-care hospital. Universal active surveillance for CRAB was implemented. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was carried out using a stepwise selection method to compare prognostic factors between cases and controls. A sub-analysis was carried out according to the type of department. Results Forty-five cases with nosocomial rectal CRAB colonization and 90 controls were included. One hundred and two (75%) patients were hospitalized in medical departments. At multivariable analysis significant risk factors associated with CRAB colonization were: use of permanent devices (OR: 10.15, 95%CI: 2.27–45.39; P = 0.002), mechanical ventilation (OR: 40.01, 95%CI: 4.05–395.1; P = 0.002), urinary catheters (OR: 4.9, 95%CI:1.52–16.19; P = 0.008), McCabe score (OR: 5.45, 95%CI: 1.87–15.89; P = 0.002), length of stay (OR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.01–1.05; P = 0.002), carbapenem use (OR: 5.39, 95%CI: 1.14–25.44; P = 0.033). The sub-analysis showed that patients admitted to different departments had different risk factors. In geriatric department a fatal disease and a longer hospital stay represented significant risk factors both in univariate and multivariate analysis, while in internal medicine department the use of permanent devices, current antibiotic therapy and antibiotic polytherapy represented significant risk factors for CRAB at the univariate analysis, also confirmed in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Our data suggest that active surveillance for rectal CRAB colonization should be addressed to patients with an unfavourable prognosis, longer hospitalizations and carriers of multiple devices. To counter CRAB spreading in endemic settings, clinicians must limit the use of carbapenems, and reinforce interventions aimed at proper use of devices.

Septic Dermatitis of the Neonatal Scalp and Maternal Endomyometritis with Intrapartum Internal Fetal Monitoring

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Marilyn M. Wagener ◽  
Russell Rule Rycheck ◽  
Robert B. Yee ◽  
Joanne F. McVay ◽  
Carol L. Buffenmyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Fetal Monitoring ◽  
Maternal Diabetes ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fetal Scalp ◽  
Pressure Catheter ◽  
Fetal Scalp Blood Sampling

During a 3-month period, 1,062 mother-infant pairs were studied for infections following internal fetal monitoring during labor. Six infants (0.56%) developed septic scalp dermatitis at the site of the spiral electrode application. Factors associated with septic scalp dermatitis included the number of vaginal examinations, the use of an intrauterine pressure catheter or of more than one spiral electrode, and fetal scalp blood sampling. Maternal diabetes and endomyometritis were also associated with an increased risk of scalp infection. The duration of spiral electrode use and duration of ruptured membranes were not significant risk factors. Endomyometritis was documented in 41 mothers, an overall incidence of 3.9%. In women whose babies were delivered by cesarean section, the incidence of endomyometritis was 28/117 (23.9%). Using multivariate analysis by logistic regression, endomyometritis was associated with the number of vaginal examinations during labor but not with the duration of internal monitoring, duration of labor, or duration of ruptured membranes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document