scholarly journals Effect of the Ilizarov Bone Fixation on Gait Cycle and Its Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Omyia Mahmoud Jawad ◽  
Sadiq Jaffar Hamandi ◽  
Safa Kadiam Al-Hussainy
Keyword(s):  
Human Gait ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
Ilizarov Frame ◽  
Limb Injuries ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
The Times ◽  
Double Support Time

<p>Walking is the first manner of displacement for human and essential for daily life activities. The human gait can be analyzed from several points of view and specialization. The Ilizarov frame is an external fixation device, primarily used for the treatment of complex fractures which adversely affects the functional state of the locomotor system. The objective of this paper was to analyses the spatiotemporal parameters of gait during treatment by the Ilizarov technique.  <strong>Materials and methods:</strong>  The study consists of 6 males with lower limb injuries performed walking trials, with and without the Ilizarov frame. Gait analysis was carried out using a camera and Kinovea application. <strong>Results:</strong> walking speed (p = 0.385), stride length (p =0.325), cadence (p = 0.641), stance time of operated limb (p = 0.265), swing time of operated limb (p = 0.959), double support time of operated limb (p=0.227) respectively were all no important difference with Ilizarov and without it. The times (stance, swing, and double support) (p=0.018) for non-operated limb have significantly different with Ilizarov.</p>

A Multiple Regression Approach to Normalization of Spatiotemporal Gait Features

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdous Wahid ◽  
Rezaul Begg ◽  
Noel Lythgo ◽  
Chris J. Hass ◽  
Saman Halgamuge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Gait Features ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time ◽  
Dimensionless Equations

Normalization of gait data is performed to reduce the effects of intersubject variations due to physical characteristics. This study reports a multiple regression normalization approach for spatiotemporal gait data that takes into account intersubject variations in self-selected walking speed and physical properties including age, height, body mass, and sex. Spatiotemporal gait data including stride length, cadence, stance time, double support time, and stride time were obtained from healthy subjects including 782 children, 71 adults, 29 elderly subjects, and 28 elderly Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Data were normalized using standard dimensionless equations, a detrending method, and a multiple regression approach. After normalization using dimensionless equations and the detrending method, weak to moderate correlations between walking speed, physical properties, and spatiotemporal gait features were observed (0.01 < |r| < 0.88), whereas normalization using the multiple regression method reduced these correlations to weak values (|r| < 0.29). Data normalization using dimensionless equations and detrending resulted in significant differences in stride length and double support time of PD patients; however the multiple regression approach revealed significant differences in these features as well as in cadence, stance time, and stride time. The proposed multiple regression normalization may be useful in machine learning, gait classification, and clinical evaluation of pathological gait patterns.

Identification and Analysis of the Biomechanical Parameters Used for the Assessment of Normal and Pathological Gait: A Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Arellano-González ◽  
Hugo I. Medellín-Castillo ◽  
J. Jesús Cervantes-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Length Step ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters

Abstract The analysis of human gait represents a valuable tool for an early and timely identification of diseases and pathologies, as well as to follow up treatments and rehabilitation programs. However, although several research works in the literature have addressed the assessment of human gait as a diagnostic tool, few works have focused on the biomechanical parameters and metrics needed for such practice. This work presents the results of an investigation carried out to identify and analyze the biomechanical parameters used in the literature to assess the human walking, both pathological and normal. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted to detect and analyze the biomechanical parameters. A classification of these parameters based on the application area is proposed and comprises clinical, sport and exploration. These parameters are also classified according to the origin of the problem into musculoskeletal, neurological and circulatory. The biomechanical parameters identified are analyzed and discussed using set theory. The results indicate that the analysis of the spatiotemporal parameters of the gait allows a detailed and economic study of this mode of locomotion. The most used gait parameters are: step length, stride length, step width, gait speed, gait phases, cadence, swing time and stance time. On the other hand, the study of gait in the clinical area makes use of nearly all the gait parameters reported in the literature, i.e. spatial, temporal, angular, force and other specific parameters according to the type of pathology being analyzed.

Comparative Analysis of Human Gait While Wearing Thong-Style Flip-flops versus Sneakers

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin F. Shroyer ◽  
Wendi H. Weimar
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Gait Kinematics ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Ankle Angle ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Background: Flip-flops are becoming a common footwear option. Casual observation has indicated that individuals wear flip-flops beyond their structural limit and have a different gait while wearing flip-flops versus shoes. This alteration in gait may cause the anecdotal foot and lower-limb discomfort associated with wearing flip-flops. Methods: To investigate the effect of sneakers versus thong-style flip-flops on gait kinematics and kinetics, 56 individuals (37 women and 19 men) were randomly assigned to a footwear order (flip-flops or sneakers first) and were asked to wear the assigned footwear on the day before and the day of testing. On each testing day, participants were videotaped as they walked at a self-selected pace across a force platform. A 2 (sex) × 2 (footwear) repeated-measures analysis of variance (P = .05) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Significant interaction effects of footwear and sex were found for maximal anterior force, attack angle, and ankle angle during the swing phase. Footwear significantly affected stride length, ankle angle at the beginning of double support and during the swing phase, maximal braking impulse, and stance time. Flip-flops resulted in a shorter stride, a larger ankle angle at the beginning of double support and during the swing phase, a smaller braking impulse, and a shorter stance time compared with sneakers. Conclusions: The effects of footwear on gait kinetics and kinematics is extensive, but there is limited research on the effect of thong-style flip-flops on gait. These results suggest that flip-flops have an effect on several kinetic and kinematic variables compared with sneakers. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 100(4): 251–257, 2010)

scholarly journals Changes of Motor Function according to Attention Differences in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-247
Author(s):  
Sun-Young Ha ◽  
Yun-Hee Sung
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Temporal Variables ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of electroencephalography (EEG) activity on balance and gait while physiotherapy in stroke patients.METHODS: General physiotherapy was applied to 18 stroke patients for 30 minutes per session, 5 times a week, for a total 4 weeks. EEG measured for one week while intervention. Based on the attention score, group was classified into high and low attention groups. We used functional reaching test to measure dynamic balance and GAITRite to measure spatiotemporal variables during gait.RESULTS: In the high attention group, the sensorimotor rhythm wave was high and the dynamic balance was significantly increased (p<.05). There were significant differences in stance time, single support time, and double support time among temporal variables (p<.05). There were significant differences in step length, stride length, swing % of cycle, stance % of cycle, single support % of cycle, and double support % of cycle among the spatial gait variables (p<.05).CONCLUSIONS: The high attention during physiotherapy helps improvement of balance and gait ability in stroke patients, therefore, it may be considered in intervention.

scholarly journals Gait and Axial Spondyloarthritis: Comparative Gait Analysis Study Using Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors

10.2196/27087 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e27087
Author(s):  
Julie Soulard ◽  
Jacques Vaillant ◽  
Athan Baillet ◽  
Philippe Gaudin ◽  
Nicolas Vuillerme
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Swing Time ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

Background Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) can lead to spinal mobility restrictions associated with restricted lower limb ranges of motion, thoracic kyphosis, spinopelvic ankylosis, or decrease in muscle strength. It is well known that these factors can have consequences on spatiotemporal gait parameters during walking. However, no study has assessed spatiotemporal gait parameters in patients with axSpA. Divergent results have been obtained in the studies assessing spatiotemporal gait parameters in ankylosing spondylitis, a subgroup of axSpA, which could be partly explained by self-reported pain intensity scores at time of assessment. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are increasingly popular and may facilitate gait assessment in clinical practice. Objective This study compared spatiotemporal gait parameters assessed with foot-worn IMUs in patients with axSpA and matched healthy individuals without and with pain intensity score as a covariate. Methods A total of 30 patients with axSpA and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls performed a 10-m walk test at comfortable speed. Various spatiotemporal gait parameters were computed from foot-worn inertial sensors including gait speed in ms–1 (mean walking velocity), cadence in steps/minute (number of steps in a minute), stride length in m (distance between 2 consecutive footprints of the same foot on the ground), swing time in percentage (portion of the cycle during which the foot is in the air), stance time in percentage (portion of the cycle during which part of the foot touches the ground), and double support time in percentage (portion of the cycle where both feet touch the ground). Results Age, height, and weight were not significantly different between groups. Self-reported pain intensity was significantly higher in patients with axSpA than healthy controls (P<.001). Independent sample t tests indicated that patients with axSpA presented lower gait speed (P<.001) and cadence (P=.004), shorter stride length (P<.001) and swing time (P<.001), and longer double support time (P<.001) and stance time (P<.001) than healthy controls. When using pain intensity as a covariate, spatiotemporal gait parameters were still significant with patients with axSpA exhibiting lower gait speed (P<.001), shorter stride length (P=.001) and swing time (P<.001), and longer double support time (P<.001) and stance time (P<.001) than matched healthy controls. Interestingly, there were no longer statistically significant between-group differences observed for the cadence (P=.17). Conclusions Gait was significantly altered in patients with axSpA with reduced speed, cadence, stride length, and swing time and increased double support and stance time. Taken together, these changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters could be interpreted as the adoption of a so-called cautious gait pattern in patients with axSpA. Among factors that may influence gait in patients with axSpA, patient self-reported pain intensity could play a role. Finally, IMUs allowed computation of spatiotemporal gait parameters and are usable to assess gait in patients with axSpA in clinical routine. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03761212; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03761212 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1007/s00296-019-04396-4

scholarly journals Gait Disorders In Patients After Polytrauma

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Ruta Jakušonoka ◽  
Zane Pavāre ◽  
Andris Jumtiņš ◽  
Aleksejs Smolovs ◽  
Tatjana Anaņjeva
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Lower Limb Injuries ◽  
Limb Injuries ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Polytrauma Patients

Abstract Evaluation of the gait of patients after polytrauma is important, as it indicates the ability of patients to the previous activities and work. The aim of our study was to evaluate the gait of patients with lower limb injuries in the medium-term after polytrauma. Three-dimensional instrumental gait analysis was performed in 26 polytrauma patients (16 women and 10 men; mean age 38.6 years), 14 to 41 months after the trauma. Spatio-temporal parameters, motions in pelvis and lower extremities joints in sagittal plane and vertical load ground reaction force were analysed. Gait parameters in polytrauma patients were compared with a healthy control group. Polytrauma patients in the injured side had decreased step length, cadence, hip extension, maximum knee flexion, vertical load ground reaction force, and increased stance time and pelvic anterior tilt; in the uninjured side they had decreased step length, cadence, maximum knee flexion, vertical load ground reaction force and increased stance time (p < 0.05). The use of the three-dimensional instrumental gait analysis in the evaluation of polytrauma patients with lower limb injuries consequences makes it possible to identify the gait disorders not only in the injured, but also in the uninjured side.

scholarly journals Split-Belt Treadmill Adaptation Transfers to Overground Walking in Persons Poststroke

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darcy S. Reisman ◽  
Robert Wityk ◽  
Kenneth Silver ◽  
Amy J. Bastian
Keyword(s):  
Step Length ◽  
Overground Walking ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Context Switching ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Partial Transfer ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time ◽  
Control Locomotion

Background and Objective. Following stroke, subjects retain the ability to adapt interlimb symmetry on the split-belt treadmill. Critical to advancing our understanding of locomotor adaptation and its usefulness in rehabilitation is discerning whether adaptive effects observed on a treadmill transfer to walking over ground. We examined whether aftereffects following split-belt treadmill adaptation transfer to overground walking in healthy persons and those poststroke. Methods. Eleven poststroke and 11 age-matched and gender-matched healthy subjects walked over ground before and after walking on a split-belt treadmill. Adaptation and aftereffects in step length and double support time were calculated. Results. Both groups demonstrated partial transfer of the aftereffects observed on the treadmill ( P < .001) to overground walking ( P < .05), but the transfer was more robust in the subjects poststroke ( P < .05). The subjects with baseline asymmetry after stroke improved in asymmetry of step length and double limb support ( P = .06). Conclusions. The partial transfer of aftereffects to overground walking suggests that some shared neural circuits that control locomotion for different environmental contexts are adapted during split-belt treadmill walking. The larger adaptation transfer from the treadmill to overground walking in the stroke survivors may be due to difficulty adjusting their walking pattern to changing environmental demands. Such difficulties with context switching have been considered detrimental to function poststroke. However, we propose that the persistence of improved symmetry when changing context to overground walking could be used to advantage in poststroke rehabilitation.

Trampoliny – czy są bezpieczne? Skoki na batucie jako przyczyna urazów narządu ruchu w materiale dziecięcego oddziału urazowo-ortopedycznego

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Zając
Keyword(s):  
Distal Tibia ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Limb Injuries ◽  
Supracondylar Humerus Fractures ◽  
Forearm Bones ◽  
Humerus Fractures

Introduction. Skilful marketing and accessible prices are main causes of popularity of garden trampolines. Increasingly often the improper and unwise use of them leads to severe injuries of the locomotor system. Aim. An analysis of the above-mentioned injuries in children using materials of the Orthopaedics and Trauma Unit. Material and methods. Using the hospital IT system emergency admittances were analysed for the years 2016-2017. A selected group of patients was evaluated in terms of epidemiology and treatment methods. Results. Treatment was provided to 41 patients (21 boys, 20 girls), aged 2 to 16 years (mean age: 7.3 years). 85.4% of the admitted patients used the trampoline together with other children, 70.7% children bounced on the trampoline unsupervised by adults. Upper limb injuries represented 82.9% (34 children) of all cases, the majority of injuries involved the elbow joint and the forearm. Supracondylar humerus fractures and fractures of the shaft of both forearm bones were most frequently diagnosed. Lower limb injuries represented 17.1% (7 children) of all cases, related to the knee joint and ankle area, the most frequently diagnosed injuries were distal tibia and fibula fractures. Twenty eight (68.3%) children required surgical treatment, and 13 (31.7%) patients received conservative treatment. Conclusions. There are a growing number of children with locomotor system injuries related to playing on a trampoline and requiring hospitalisation and surgical interventions. Own experience and quoted references allow formulating principles reducing the risk of injury, including prohibiting the youngest children to play, reduction of the simultaneous use of a trampoline by more than one child, and a requirement of a constant supervision.

scholarly journals Kinematic and Kinetic Patterns Related to Free-Walking in Parkinson’s Disease

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Martínez ◽  
Federico Villagra ◽  
Juan Castellote ◽  
María Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Feature Selection ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Automatic Classification ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Gait Asymmetry ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

The aim of this study is to compare the properties of free-walking at a natural pace between mild Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients during the ON-clinical status and two control groups. In-shoe pressure-sensitive insoles were used to quantify the temporal and force characteristics of a 5-min free-walking in 11 PD patients, in 16 young healthy controls, and in 12 age-matched healthy controls. Inferential statistics analyses were performed on the kinematic and kinetic parameters to compare groups’ performances, whereas feature selection analyses and automatic classification were used to identify the signature of parkinsonian gait and to assess the performance of group classification, respectively. Compared to healthy subjects, the PD patients’ gait pattern presented significant differences in kinematic parameters associated with bilateral coordination but not in kinetics. Specifically, patients showed an increased variability in double support time, greater gait asymmetry and phase deviation, and also poorer phase coordination. Feature selection analyses based on the ReliefF algorithm on the differential parameters in PD patients revealed an effect of the clinical status, especially true in double support time variability and gait asymmetry. Automatic classification of PD patients, young and senior subjects confirmed that kinematic predictors produced a slightly better classification performance than kinetic predictors. Overall, classification accuracy of groups with a linear discriminant model which included the whole set of features (i.e., demographics and parameters extracted from the sensors) was 64.1%.

Gait differences between K3 and K4 persons with transfemoral amputation across level and non-level walking conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Sturk ◽  
Edward D Lemaire ◽  
Emily Sinitski ◽  
Nancy L Dudek ◽  
Markus Besemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Transfemoral Amputation ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Margin Of Stability ◽  
Trunk Acceleration ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Double Support Time ◽  
Support Time

Background: A transfemoral amputee’s functional level can be classified from K-level 0 (lowest) to K-level 4 (highest). Knowledge of the biomechanical differences between K3 and K4 transfemoral amputation could help inform clinical professionals and researchers in amputee care and gait assessment. Objectives: Explore gait differences between K3- and K4-level transfemoral amputation across different surface conditions. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Four K3 and six K4 transfemoral amputation and 10 matched able-bodied individuals walked in a virtual environment with simulated level and non-level surfaces on a self-paced treadmill. Stability measures included medial-lateral margin of stability, step parameters, and gait variability (standard deviations for speed, temporal-spatial parameters, root-mean-square of medial-lateral trunk acceleration). Results: K3 walked slower than K4 with wider steps, greater root-mean-square of medial-lateral trunk acceleration, and greater medial-lateral margin of stability standard deviations, indicating their stability was further challenged. K3 participants had greater asymmetry in double support time and trunk acceleration root-mean-square in the medial-lateral direction, but similar asymmetry overall. K3 participants had larger differences from AB and in more parameters than K4, although K4 differed from AB in trunk acceleration root-mean-square in the medial-lateral direction, walking speed, and double support time standard deviations. Conclusion: The findings improve our understanding of K3 and K4 transfemoral amputation gait on slopes and simulated uneven surfaces. Clinical relevance High performing and community ambulatory transfemoral amputees cannot match the ambulatory abilities of ablebodied individuals. Understanding gait differences between these groups under conditions that challenge balance is required to develop rehabilitation protocols and prosthetic componentry targeted at improving transfemoral amputee gait and overall mobility in their chosen environment.

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