CYBERNETIC APPROACH IN IDENTIFICATION OF BRAIN PATTERN VARIATIONS IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghasem Sadeghi Bajestani ◽  
Ali Sheikhani ◽  
Mohammad Reza Hashemi Golpayegani ◽  
Farah Ashrafzadehi ◽  
Paria Hebrani
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Autism Diagnosis ◽  
Signal Phase ◽  
Brain Pattern ◽  
The Common ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Autism Disorder

Poincar section is a tool used in analysis and even control of non-linear systems like chaotic and uncertain systems. Although it has been presented long ago, yet this approach is artistic and heuristic. Poincar Section is destitute of any definite methodologies and problems including indefinite structure and model parameters that can be generally attributed to this approach; machine learning based on Poincar section is impossible. In this article, first of all, signal modeling steps using Poincar is explained, then considering the occurred events, the concept of information and relativism applying Poincar section and information approach, we will diagnose the brain pattern variations in Autistic cases. The reason we have taken Autism into consideration is because we believe its origin is information, in other words the big problem in Autism disorder is software kind, which can lead to hardware kind over time. In this research a new kind of representation, namely Extended Complementary Plot, in which the main characteristic is special attention to signal phase as embedded information in the signal and ineffectiveness of energy, is introduced. All the introduced state-of-art concepts on Electroencephalography are implemented on Autistic children. Recording the EEG signal in Autistic children has always been a challenge for the specialists. Implementations of the article have been carried out on over 120 cases including 60 Autistic children and 60 normal ones ranging from 3 to 10 years old, in three different states; asleep, open eyes and a new record based on brain dynamics which has been suggested from the authors and does not have the other records problems for Autistic kids. Prodigious results accomplished, suggests the common dynamic presence in Autism disorder which is entirely different from normal dynamics, and this is only due to the potency of the applied information tool; Poincar section, and cybernetic modeling in this research. We hope that the empirical results of this research to be a strong and effective step towards quantification of Autism disorder and conversion of diagnosis process from Clinical to Para clinical, and even early Autism diagnosis.

Investigations on the Brain Connectivity Parameters for Co-Morbidities of Autism Using EEG

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishnu Priya K. ◽  
Kavitha A.
Keyword(s):  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Biomarker Identification ◽  
Stable Pattern ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Biomarkers ◽  
Morbid Conditions

This article describes how the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a collection of heterogeneous disorders with prevalent cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. ASD is generally considered a life-long disability occurring as a stand-alone disorder but it occurs with possible co-morbid conditions. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have been identified as one of the most widely used tool for assessing the cognitive functions with strong evidences of stable pattern of EEG associated with ASD. With the understanding of the co-morbidities and the pathophysiology, it needs an appropriate signal processing routine. Hence, this article focuses on the electrophysiological biomarker identification from the acquired EEG signals of low-functioning autistic children to distinguish between the various co-morbidities of autism. Results show that the power, coherence and brain connectivity estimators determined from EEG can be potential biomarkers. The identified biomarkers can thus act as supportive tools for the physician in clinically assessments of Autistic children with difference co-morbidities who differ widely.

scholarly journals Analisis Spektral Daya dan Koherensi EEG Pada Anak Penderita Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Wahana Fisika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Nita Handayani ◽  
Sra Harke Pratama ◽  
Siti Nurul Khotimah ◽  
Idam Arif ◽  
Freddy Haryanto
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) adalah kondisi neurodevelopmental yang berkaitan dengan defisit dalam fungsi eksekutif, emosi, bahasa, dan komunikasi sosial. Beberapa teknik neuroimaging dan neurofisiologi digunakan untuk memahami hubungan antara fungsionalitas otak dan perilaku autis. Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG) adalah sebuah teknik non-invasif yang dapat digunakan untuk memberikan gambaran fungsionalitas otak melalui beberapa besaran fisis yang dikaji. Pada paper ini akan dibahas tentang karakteristik sinyal listrik otak pada penderita austis berdasarkan analisis QEEG.  Perekaman sinyal otak menggunakan Emotiv Epoc 14 channel (AF3, F7, F3, FC5, T7, P7, O1, O2, P8, T7, FC6, F4, F8, AF4) dan 2 channel referensi (CMS dan DRL). Jumlah subjek uji dalam penelitian sebanyak 6 anak penderita autis dan 5 anak sehat sebagai kontrol dengan rentang usia antara 10-15 tahun. Perekaman otak dilakukan pada kondisi rileks dan mata terutup selama 15 menit. Metode analisis data meliputi pre-processing data EEG untuk menghilangkan noise dan artefak, perhitungan spektral daya menggunakan periodogram Welch, dan analisis konektivitas fungsional otak dengan menghitung besarnya koherensi intra-hemisphere dan inter-hemisphere. Dari hasil studi diperoleh bahwa pada anak autis terjadi peningkatan spektral daya pada pita delta dan penurunan spektral daya pada pita alpha dibandingkan dengan subjek kontrol. Analisis konektivitas fungsional otak pada anak autis menunjukkan nilai koherensi intra-hemisphere dan inter-hemisphere yang lebih rendah pada pita delta dan theta, khususnya pada area frontal. QEEG dapat digunakan untuk karakterisasi sinyal otak pada penderita autis dan membedakannya dari subjek normal.      Kata Kunci   :  Retardasi Mental; Spektral Daya; Koherensi; EEG;  Sinyal Otak Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with deficits in executive function, emotions, language, and social communication. Several neuroimaging and neurophysiology techniques are used to understand the relationship between brain functionality and autistic behavior. Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG) is a non-invasive technique that can be used to illustrate the functionality of the brain through the analysis of several physical quantities. This paper will discuss about the characteristics of electrical brain signals in austistic children based on QEEG analysis. Recording of brain signals using  Emotiv Epoc 14-channels (AF3, F7, F1, O2, P8, T7, FC6, F4, F8, AF4) and 2 reference channels (CMS and DRL). The number of test subjects in the study were 6 autistic children and 5 healthy children as controls with an age range between 10-15 years old. Brain recording performed on resting state and eyes closed for 15 minutes. The methods of analysis data includes pre-processing EEGs data to remove noise and artifacts, power spectral analysis using Welch Periodogram, and brain functional connectivity analysis by calculating the magnitude of intra-hemisphere and inter-hemisphere coherences. The results of the study found that an increased of power spectral in the delta band and a decreased of power spectral in the alpha band in autistic children compared to control subjects. Analysis of functional connectivity of the brain in autistic children shows lower intra-hemisphere and inter-hemisphere coherences in the delta and theta bands, particularly in the frontal area. QEEG can be used to characterized brain signals in autistic children and differentiated them from the normal subjects.          Keywords  : Mental Retardation; Power Spectral; Coherence; EEG; Brain Signal

scholarly journals Adult Autism - Global Challenge of the Future

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Elona Mano
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Disabled Children ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Autism Diagnosis ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Adult Autism ◽  
Real Challenge

There is an increase awareness of Autism Spectrum Disorder recently. The truth is that tens of thousands face an autism diagnosis each year. Even though the integration of autistic children is the focus of many studies in the last decades, the problem remains unsolved. What happens with autistic children as adults? In addition, one of the biggest challenges in providing services to people with an autism spectrum disorder is that the needs change from person to person. This study is focused on parent`s point of view. During the interviews the participants raised some important issues. To have their children in the same classes with non-disabled children, was the first won battle of parents of autistic children, but integrating autistic individuals as adults in society seems to be just the cover of a big dilemma for parents of autistic children. Autistic child as adult is a real challenge for society worldwide.

Advantages of Complementary Stereo Images as Viewed with the Low-Temperature Field-Emission SEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1314-1315
Author(s):  
William P. Wergin ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Sem Micrograph ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pair Analysis

The eye-brain complex allows those of us with normal vision to perceive and evaluate our surroundings in three-dimensions (3-D). The principle factor that makes this possible is parallax - the horizontal displacement of objects that results from the independent views that the left and right eyes detect and simultaneously transmit to the brain for superimposition. The common SEM micrograph is a 2-D representation of a 3-D specimen. Depriving the brain of the 3-D view can lead to erroneous conclusions about the relative sizes, positions and convergence of structures within a specimen. In addition, Walter has suggested that the stereo image contains information equivalent to a two-fold increase in magnification over that found in a 2-D image. Because of these factors, stereo pair analysis should be routinely employed when studying specimens.Imaging complementary faces of a fractured specimen is a second method by which the topography of a specimen can be more accurately evaluated.

Development of Neural Structure and Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Implications for Learning Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1783-1797
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Coburn ◽  
Diane L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Language Intervention ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
And Function

Purpose Neurodevelopmental processes that begin during gestation and continue throughout childhood typically support language development. Understanding these processes can help us to understand the disruptions to language that occur in neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method For this tutorial, we conducted a focused literature review on typical postnatal brain development and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography, and electroencephalography studies of the neurodevelopmental differences that occur in ASD. We then integrated this knowledge with the literature on evidence-based speech-language intervention practices for autistic children. Results In ASD, structural differences include altered patterns of cortical growth and myelination. Functional differences occur at all brain levels, from lateralization of cortical functions to the rhythmic activations of single neurons. Neuronal oscillations, in particular, could help explain disrupted language development by elucidating the timing differences that contribute to altered functional connectivity, complex information processing, and speech parsing. Findings related to implicit statistical learning, explicit task learning, multisensory integration, and reinforcement in ASD are also discussed. Conclusions Consideration of the neural differences in autistic children provides additional scientific support for current recommended language intervention practices. Recommendations consistent with these neurological findings include the use of short, simple utterances; repetition of syntactic structures using varied vocabulary; pause time; visual supports; and individualized sensory modifications.

Possibility that the Onset of Autism Spectrum Disorder is Induced by Failure of the Glutamine-Glutamate Cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Koichi Kawada ◽  
Nobuyuki Kuramoto ◽  
Seisuke Mimori
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disease ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Brain

: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease, and the number of patients has increased rapidly in recent years. The causes of ASD involve both genetic and environmental factors, but the details of causation have not yet been fully elucidated. Many reports have investigated genetic factors related to synapse formation, and alcohol and tobacco have been reported as environmental factors. This review focuses on endoplasmic reticulum stress and amino acid cycle abnormalities (particularly glutamine and glutamate) induced by many environmental factors. In the ASD model, since endoplasmic reticulum stress is high in the brain from before birth, it is clear that endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the development of ASD. On the other hand, one report states that excessive excitation of neurons is caused by the onset of ASD. The glutamine-glutamate cycle is performed between neurons and glial cells and controls the concentration of glutamate and GABA in the brain. These neurotransmitters are also known to control synapse formation and are important in constructing neural circuits. Theanine is a derivative of glutamine and a natural component of green tea. Theanine inhibits glutamine uptake in the glutamine-glutamate cycle via slc38a1 without affecting glutamate; therefore, we believe that theanine may prevent the onset of ASD by changing the balance of glutamine and glutamate in the brain.

Measuring the World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sophie Barwich
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Model System ◽  
Stimulus Input ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Perceptual Object ◽  
External Objects ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus-centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.

The Dioptrique

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ott
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Image ◽  
Brain Motion ◽  
Natural Geometry ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

Descartes’s treatment of perception in the Optics, though published before the Meditations, contains a distinct account of sensory experience. The end of the chapter suggests some reasons for this oddity, but that the two accounts are distinct is difficult to deny. Descartes in the present work topples the brain image from its throne. In its place, we have two mechanisms, one purely causal, the other inferential. Where the proper sensibles are concerned, the ordination of nature suffices to explain why a given sensation is triggered on the occasion of a given brain motion. The same is true with regard to the common sensibles. But on top of this purely causal story, Descartes re-introduces his doctrine of natural geometry.

scholarly journals Identifying and measuring the common elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for autism spectrum disorder: Development of the NDBI-Fi

Autism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 2285-2297
Author(s):  
Kyle M Frost ◽  
Jessica Brian ◽  
Grace W Gengoux ◽  
Antonio Hardan ◽  
Sarah R Rieth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Intervention ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Intervention Science ◽  
Intervention Models ◽  
The Common ◽  
Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention

Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder share key elements. However, the extent of similarity and overlap in techniques among naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention models has not been quantified, and there is no standardized measure for assessing the implementation of their common elements. This article presents a multi-stage process which began with the development of a taxonomy of elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions. Next, intervention experts identified the common elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions using quantitative methods. An observational rating scheme of those common elements, the eight-item NDBI-Fi, was developed. Finally, preliminary analyses of the reliability and the validity of the NDBI-Fi were conducted using archival data from randomized controlled trials of caregiver-implemented naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions, including 87 post-intervention caregiver–child interaction videos from five sites, as well as 29 pre–post video pairs from two sites. Evaluation of the eight-item NDBI-Fi measure revealed promising psychometric properties, including evidence supporting adequate reliability, sensitivity to change, as well as concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity. Results lend support to the utility of the NDBI-Fi as a measure of caregiver implementation of common elements across naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention models. With additional validation, this unique measure has the potential to advance intervention science in autism spectrum disorder by providing a tool which cuts across a class of evidence-based interventions. Lay abstract Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder share key elements. However, the extent of similarity between programs within this class of evidence-based interventions is unknown. There is also currently no tool that can be used to measure the implementation of their common elements. This article presents a multi-stage process which began with defining all intervention elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions. Next, intervention experts identified the common elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions using a survey. An observational rating scheme of those common elements, the eight-item NDBI-Fi, was developed. We evaluated the quality of the NDBI-Fi using videos from completed trials of caregiver-implemented naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions. Results showed that the NDBI-Fi measure has promise; it was sensitive to change, related to other similar measures, and demonstrated adequate agreement between raters. This unique measure has the potential to advance intervention science in autism spectrum disorder by providing a tool to measure the implementation of common elements across naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention models. Given that naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions have numerous shared strategies, this may ease clinicians’ uncertainty about choosing the “right” intervention package. It also suggests that there may not be a need for extensive training in more than one naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention. Future research should determine whether these common elements are part of other treatment approaches to better understand the quality of services children and families receive as part of usual care.

scholarly journals FOXP1 syndrome: a review of the literature and practice parameters for medical assessment and monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reymundo Lozano ◽  
Catherine Gbekie ◽  
Paige M. Siper ◽  
Shubhika Srivastava ◽  
Jeffrey M. Saland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Medical Assessment ◽  
Forkhead Box ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Practice Parameters ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Multidisciplinary Group ◽  
The Brain

AbstractFOXP1 syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations or deletions that disrupt the forkhead box protein 1 (FOXP1) gene, which encodes a transcription factor important for the early development of many organ systems, including the brain. Numerous clinical studies have elucidated the role of FOXP1 in neurodevelopment and have characterized a phenotype. FOXP1 syndrome is associated with intellectual disability, language deficits, autism spectrum disorder, hypotonia, and congenital anomalies, including mild dysmorphic features, and brain, cardiac, and urogenital abnormalities. Here, we present a review of human studies summarizing the clinical features of individuals with FOXP1 syndrome and enlist a multidisciplinary group of clinicians (pediatrics, genetics, psychiatry, neurology, cardiology, endocrinology, nephrology, and psychology) to provide recommendations for the assessment of FOXP1 syndrome.

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