Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the POUNDS LOST trial.

We investigated the effect of exercise training on body composition change in women. Nineteen Mexican-American and 18 Korean premenopausal overweight/obese women were randomized into one of the following groups: control, low-intensity training group (LI), and high-intensity training group (HI). Subjects completed 12 weeks of training at 50–56% maximal oxygen consumption (LI) or 65–70% maximal oxygen consumption (HI). Body composition components were measured at baseline and after training using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for Mexican-Americans, while whole-body composition was measured by the direct segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and abdominal fat was measured by single-slice computed tomography for Koreans. Data were analyzed using mixed-model repeated measures independent of age, ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Exercise training showed a significant effect on BMI, fat percentage, fat mass, lean mass, and visceral adipose tissue area. HI significantly decreased fat mass and fat percentage but increased lean mass (all P<0.05). LI significantly reduced BMI, fat mass, fat percentage, and visceral adipose tissue area but increased lean mass (all P<0.05). Exercise training had a beneficial effect on reducing BMI, fat percentage, fat mass, and visceral adipose tissue area but had no effect on increasing lean mass for Mexican-American and Korean premenopausal overweight/obese women.

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Total and Regional Body Composition of NCAA Division I Collegiate Basketball Athletes

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1073-7941 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (04) ◽

pp. 242-247

Author(s):

Christiana J. Raymond-Pope ◽

Anna L. Solfest ◽

Aaron Carbuhn ◽

Philip R. Stanforth ◽

Jonathan Oliver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Body Composition ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Collegiate Basketball ◽

Visceral Adipose

AbstractThis study aimed to examine body composition using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in male and female NCAA Division I collegiate basketball athletes. Two-hundred ten (male [M]/female [F]=88/122) basketball athletes’ total and regional fat mass, lean mass, bone mineral density, and visceral adipose tissue were measured. Athletes were classified as: point guards (M/F=27/34), shooting guards (M/F=18/27), small forwards (M/F=13/18), power forwards (M/F=21/27), and centers (M/F=9/16). ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD assessed positional differences by sex. In males, centers and power forwards had greater total fat mass (p<0.025), lean mass (p≤0.001), and visceral adipose tissue (p<0.001) than other positions. Male centers had greater arm and leg fat mass and lean mass than point guards, shooting guards, and small forwards (p≤0.049), and greater arm bone mineral density than point guards (p=0.015). In females, centers had greater total fat mass (p<0.001) vs. other positions and greater total lean mass, arm fat and lean masses, arm and leg bone mineral density, and visceral adipose tissue vs. point guards and shooting guards (p≤0.005). Female point guards had lower total bone mineral density than power forwards (p=0.008). In conclusion, these sex- and position-specific total and regional body composition measurements in collegiate basketball players provide population-specific normative data.

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Gain without pain: beyond sport effortless exercise solutions

Journal of Aesthetic Nursing ◽

10.12968/joan.2020.9.5.202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 202-210

Author(s):

Xanya Sofra

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Free T3 ◽

Visceral Adipose

Ageing is associated with decreased metabolism, increased toxicity, decreased skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and increased visceral fat deposits that compromise the normal functioning of vital organs such as the liver, pancreas and intestines, increasing the risk of a number of health problems, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Visceral adipose tissue holds large amounts of toxins that alter thyroid hormone metabolism, lowering resting metabolic rate (RMR). Strenuous physical exercise can reach these deeper visceral adipose tissue layers. However, excessive exercise is necessary to reduce visceral adipose tissue elevates cortisol while decreasing testosterone. The hormonal imbalance resulting from this inverse cortisol/testosterone relationship ultimately leads to weight gain, despite all the efforts invested in physical activity. On the other hand, lack of exercise allows for accumulation of toxicity and increased vulnerability to chronic physical disorders. Energy-based technologies report successful results in reducing subcutaneous fat layers; however, data is not currently available about methods that can reduce deeper visceral adipose tissue and relieve the system from visceral fat cells stuffed with excess triglycerides. In this study, we examined hormone and cholesterol fluctuations in the blood tests of eight subjects undergoing six 45 minutes of effortless exercise sessions with a novel London University invention. We also explored changes in their visceral adipose tissue, overall body fat mass, SMM, basic metabolic rate (BMR), waist and abdomen reduction in centimetres (cm) and overall weight loss in kilograms (kg). Subjects' results revealed a statistically significant increase in triiodothyronine (Free T3), accompanied by a significant decrease in the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides. Cortisol did not show statistically significant fluctuations. There was a statistically significant decrease in visceral adipose tissue and overall body fat mass and a statistically significant increase in SMM. Waist and abdomen cm loss, and weight loss in kgs were statistically significant, demonstrating a substantial decrease in cm and kgs in all subjects that persisted a week after the last treatment. Results of this study supported the hypothesis that this method of effortless exercise can reduce both overall body fat mass, visceral adipose tissue and VLDL, while increasing SMM and the metabolic hormone free T3, without the aid of diet or change in lifestyle.

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Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 Mediates Gut Microbial Flagellin-Induced Inflammation, Leukocyte Infiltration, and Hepatic Steatosis

Sci ◽

10.3390/sci3010013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Raine Toivonen ◽

Sanja Vanhatalo ◽

Maija Hollmén ◽

Eveliina Munukka ◽

Anniina Keskitalo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Hepatic Steatosis ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Leukocyte Infiltration ◽

Fat Accumulation ◽

Adhesion Protein ◽

Hepatic Fat ◽

Vascular Adhesion ◽

Visceral Adipose ◽

Vascular Adhesion Protein 1

Toll-like receptor 5 ligand, flagellin, and vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) are involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This study aimed to determine whether VAP-1 mediates flagellin-induced hepatic fat accumulation. The effects of flagellin on adipocyte VAP-1 expression were first studied in vitro. Then, flagellin (100 ng/mouse) or saline was intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6J (WT) and C57BL/6-Aoc3-/- (VAP-1 KO) mice on a high-fat diet twice a week every 2 weeks for 10 weeks. After that, the effects on inflammation, insulin signaling, and metabolism were studied in liver and adipose tissues. Hepatic fat was quantified histologically and biochemically. Because flagellin challenge increased VAP-1 expression in human adipocytes, we used VAP-1 KO mice to determine whether VAP-1 regulates the inflammatory and metabolic effects of flagellin in vivo. In mice, VAP-1 mediated flagellin-induced inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, and lipolysis in visceral adipose tissue. Consequently, an increased release of glycerol led to hepatic steatosis in WT, but not in KO mice. Flagellin-induced hepatic fibrosis was not mediated by VAP-1. VAP-1 KO mice harbored more inflammation-related microbes than WT mice, while flagellin did not affect the gut microbiota. Our results suggest that by acting on visceral adipose tissue, flagellin increased leukocyte infiltration that induced lipolysis. Further, the released glycerol participated in hepatic fat accumulation. In conclusion, the results describe that gut microbial flagellin through VAP-1 induced hepatic steatosis.

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Increased Circulating and Visceral Adipose Tissue Expression Levels of YKL-40 in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes Are Related to Inflammation: Impact of Conventional Weight Loss and Gastric Bypass

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2010-0994 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 200-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Victoria Catalán ◽

Javier Gómez-Ambrosi ◽

Amaia Rodríguez ◽

Beatriz Ramírez ◽

Fernando Rotellar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Gastric Bypass ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Tissue Expression ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Visceral Adipose

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Sleeve gastrectomy enhances glucose utilization and remodels adipose tissue independent of weight loss

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00441.2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 318 (5) ◽

pp. E678-E688 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David A. Harris ◽

Amir Mina ◽

Dimitrije Cabarkapa ◽

Keyvan Heshmati ◽

Renuka Subramaniam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽

Glucose Uptake ◽

Rna Sequencing ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Glucose Utilization ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

Visceral Adipose

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) induces weight loss-independent improvements in glucose homeostasis by unknown mechanisms. We sought to identify the metabolic adaptations responsible for these improvements. Nonobese C57BL/6J mice on standard chow underwent SG or sham surgery. Functional testing and indirect calorimetry were used to capture metabolic phenotypes. Tissue-specific glucose uptake was assessed by 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) PET/computed tomography, and RNA sequencing was used for gene-expression analysis. In this model, SG induced durable improvements in glucose tolerance in the absence of changes in weight, body composition, or food intake. Indirect calorimetry revealed that SG increased the average respiratory exchange ratio toward 1.0, indicating a weight-independent, systemic shift to carbohydrate utilization. Following SG, orally administered 18-FDG preferentially localized to white adipose depots, showing tissue-specific increases in glucose utilization induced by surgery. Transcriptional analysis with RNA sequencing demonstrated that increased glucose uptake in the visceral adipose tissue was associated with upregulation in transcriptional pathways involved in energy metabolism, adipocyte maturation, and adaptive and innate immune cell chemotaxis and differentiation. SG induces a rapid, weight loss-independent shift toward glucose utilization and transcriptional remodeling of metabolic and immune pathways in visceral adipose tissue. Continued study of this early post-SG physiology may lead to a better understanding of the anti-diabetic mechanisms of bariatric surgery.

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Adipose Inflammation in Obesity: Relationship With Circulating Levels of Inflammatory Markers and Association With Surgery-Induced Weight Loss

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2013-2673 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. E53-E61 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Julie Lasselin ◽

Eric Magne ◽

Cédric Beau ◽

Patrick Ledaguenel ◽

Sandra Dexpert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Inflammatory State ◽

Adipose Inflammation ◽

Visceral Adipose

Context: The inflammatory state of the adipose tissue is believed to contribute to systemic low-grade inflammation in obesity. Objective: This study assessed the relationship between adipose and circulating inflammatory markers as well as the influence of adipose inflammation on bariatric surgery-induced weight reduction. Design: This was a cross-sectional and longitudinal study (up to 14 mo). Setting: The study was conducted in the digestive/bariatric surgery department of the Tivoli and Jean Villar clinics, Bordeaux, France. Patients: Thirty-seven obese patients [body mass index (BMI) > 35–40 kg/m2)] seeking bariatric surgery were included. Twenty-eight of them were successively followed up at 1–3 months after surgery and 25 between 6 and 14 months after surgery. Main Outcome Measures: Fasting serum samples were collected before surgery to assess concentrations of inflammatory markers. Samples of visceral adipose tissue were extracted during surgery and gene expression of cytokines and immune cell markers were evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR. Pre- and postsurgery weight and BMI were collected. Results: Gene expression of several cytokines were strongly intercorrelated in the visceral adipose tissue. Adipose expression of macrophage and T cell markers were related to adipose expression of TNF-α and IL-1 receptor antagonist (P < .01) and to systemic levels of TNF-α (P < .01) and IL-6 (P < .05). A higher inflammatory state of the adipose tissue predicted a lower BMI reduction after surgery (P < .05), notably at early stages after surgery. Conclusions: These findings support the involvement of macrophages and T cells in adipose inflammation and provide new information regarding the role of the visceral adipose tissue in the inflammatory state of obesity and its impact on obesity treatment outcomes, such as surgery-induced weight loss.

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