Access to Safe Drinking Water

2015 ◽  
pp. 304-318
Author(s):  
Robert Cecil Willems ◽  
Steve A. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Water System ◽  
Vested Interest ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Majority World ◽  
The People

The focus of this chapter is to demonstrate that providing safe drinking water to communities in Majority World countries, specifically Kenya, Africa, is easily accomplished. Any water system, in order to be successfully constructed in impoverished Majority World communities, must be simple and inexpensive and the benefiting community must have a vested interest and ownership for the system to be effective. Establishing a vested interest by water recipients requires that the people providing the water purification technology understand the culture and worldview of the water system recipients. This approach is supported by literature review but more so by empirical evidence gathered by both authors.

Access to Safe Drinking Water

2020 ◽  
pp. 1544-1558
Author(s):  
Robert Cecil Willems ◽  
Steve A. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Water System ◽  
Vested Interest ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Majority World ◽  
The People

The focus of this chapter is to demonstrate that providing safe drinking water to communities in Majority World countries, specifically Kenya, Africa, is easily accomplished. Any water system, in order to be successfully constructed in impoverished Majority World communities, must be simple and inexpensive and the benefiting community must have a vested interest and ownership for the system to be effective. Establishing a vested interest by water recipients requires that the people providing the water purification technology understand the culture and worldview of the water system recipients. This approach is supported by literature review but more so by empirical evidence gathered by both authors.

scholarly journals Households’ Willingness to Pay for Disaster Resilient Safe Drinking Water Sources in Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Sariful Islam ◽  
Sonia Afrin ◽  
Md. Nasif Ahsan ◽  
Mohammed Ziaul Haider ◽  
Tasnim Murad Mamun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Coastal Bangladesh ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
The People

Abstract Nonfunctionality of engineered water sources after two catastrophic cyclones—Sidr in November 2007 and Aila in May 2009—created acute scarcity of safe drinking water in coastal Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to estimate households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for disaster resilient water sources in Dacope upazila of Khulna District in southwestern coastal Bangladesh. By applying the double bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method to a dataset of 250 randomly selected households, we found that the mean WTP is BDT 263 and that inaccessibility to functional safe drinking water sources is the most significant determining factor of households’ WTP. Projecting mean WTP for a disaster resilient water source project in the study area, we measured a present value of aggregate WTP over project’s life span worth about BDT 624 (USD 7.37) million, which is about 14.30 times the present value of project’s aggregate establishment and maintenance cost. However, charging the local inhabitants a water tariff at mean WTP would lead to the exclusion of around 50% of the people from getting access to the improved water services or create a free riding problem. Through simulation exercises this study determined that the socially optimal water tariff is BDT 50 per month. This tariff would not only generate revenue of more than five times the project cost but would also create access to disaster resilient improved drinking water sources for almost 99% of the people.

Status and Prospects of Rural Drinking Water in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 263-266
Author(s):  
Zhen Hua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Drinking Water System

Safe drinking water in rural areas in china was worried about, and was very urgent.Table 2 shows that more than 320 million people living in rural areas drank unhealthy water in 2004, there were 90.84 million rural residents in 2004 drinking contaminated water in china. Contaminated water became the main reason of unsafe drinking water in rural areas,coming from industrial pollution and agricultural pollution. At the same time, emergency exacerbating crisis of rural drinking water, especially rising incidents of industrial pollution. china plans to provide safe drinking water for rural residents in rural areas, through financial investment and policy support, and improves rural safe drinking water system.

scholarly journals Approximating Community Water System Service Areas to Explore the Demographics of SDWA Compliance in Virginia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13254
Author(s):  
Cristina Marcillo ◽  
Leigh-Anne Krometis ◽  
Justin Krometis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Water System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Service Areas

Although the United States Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) theoretically ensures drinking water quality, recent studies have questioned the reliability and equity associated with community water system (CWS) service. This study aimed to identify SDWA violation differences (i.e., monitoring and reporting (MR) and health-based (HB)) between Virginia CWSs given associated service demographics, rurality, and system characteristics. A novel geospatial methodology delineated CWS service areas at the zip code scale to connect 2000 US Census demographics with 2006–2016 SDWA violations, with significant associations determined via negative binomial regression. The proportion of Black Americans within a service area was positively associated with the likelihood of HB violations. This effort supports the need for further investigation of racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to safe drinking water within the United States in particular and offers a geospatial strategy to explore demographics in other settings where data on infrastructure extents are limited. Further interdisciplinary efforts at multiple scales are necessary to identify the entwined causes for differential risks in adverse drinking water quality exposures and would be substantially strengthened by the mapping of official CWS service boundaries.

scholarly journals An outbreak of tularemia in southwestern Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 812-817
Author(s):  
Murat Kutlu ◽  
Çağrı Ergin ◽  
Aynur Karadenizli ◽  
Selda Sayın Kutlu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Outbreak Investigation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
The People ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Village

Introduction: Tularemia has reemerged and spread throughout Turkey, and the number of cases has increased. In this study, we report on a waterborne outbreak of tularemia in the spring of 2013 in a region which was previously disease-free, and we investigated the reasons for the outbreak. Methodology: The index case, a 17-year-old male, was diagnosed with oropharyngeal tularemia. An outbreak investigation was initiated after receiving information from other patients with similar symptoms from the same village along with Balkıca, Tavas, and Denizli. An epidemiological and environmental investigation was conducted. Tonsil swab specimens/lymph node aspirates collected from patients, and water samples collected from unchlorinated drinking water sources, were cultured. Additionally, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on these samples. Serum samples from patients were analyzed for antibody response. Results: A total of 7 patients were found in this outbreak investigation. The attack rate was found to be 1% among the people of the village and 25% among patients’ family members. The drinking-water system was contaminated with F. tularensis during this outbreak. Conclusions: Lack of appropriate water infrastructure and sanitation was the primary reason for this tularemia outbreak in Turkey. Improving the water source infrastructure and sanitation should be the primary approach to preventing tularemia outbreaks.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Consumption of Water from a Newly Introduced Safe Drinking Water System: The Case of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Systems in Bangladesh

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Badrul Hasan ◽  
Peter P. J. Driessen ◽  
Shantanu Majumder ◽  
Annelies Zoomers ◽  
Frank van Laerhoven
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Water System ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
Intensity Of Competition

Rather than committing exclusively to one drinking water option, households in Bangladesh often use a portfolio of sources that, in varying ways, to varying extents satisfy one or more out of several preferences they hold with regard to their drinking water. What happens if a new option is added to that mix? In communities of Bangladesh’ Southwestern coastal region where a new option (managed aquifer recharge, or MAR) was recently introduced, we observe variation in the extent to which this source contributes to satisfying households’ drinking water needs. Using multiple linear regression (n = 636 households), we found that perceived risk, costs, taste, self-efficacy, and form and intensity of competition with alternative drinking water options matter significantly.

Disparities in community water system compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act

2020 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 102264
Author(s):  
Zoe Statman-Weil ◽  
Leora Nanus ◽  
Nancy Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Safe Drinking Water Act ◽  
Community Water

scholarly journals Solar-assisted membrane technology for water purification: a review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsegahun Mekonnen Zewdie ◽  
Nigus Gabbiye Habtu ◽  
Abhishek Dutta ◽  
Bart Van der Bruggen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Clean Drinking Water ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract A shortage of safe drinking water is one of the leading problems in the world. Even in developed countries where water treatment systems are present, safe drinking water may not be always available due to the limitations of advanced water treatment techniques and high energy costs. On the other hand, many rural communities in Asia and Africa situated in semi-arid to arid regions are without reliable access to clean drinking water. It is, therefore, important to explore how solar energy can be linked to water treatment systems for clean drinking water production. Membrane-based water purification technologies play a major role in water purification by utilization of low-cost heat sources to make the process economically and technically viable for small, medium, and large-scale applications. Solar energy can be a viable source of power for water purification facilities in the coming years. Photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors are appropriate solar energy collectors for making a solar-powered water treatment system. Solar-assisted membrane-based water purification techniques could have a viable solution to the existing problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Due to the high quality of potable water demand, studies have been carried out on solar-assisted membrane-based technologies in water purification. This review considers basic concepts, specific energy consumption, water production cost, and applications of solar-driven membrane-based water purification technologies such as reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, and hybrid membrane systems. This review will allow the researchers to have a wider overview of the effort made by several investigators in the area of solar-assisted membrane-based water purification technology.

scholarly journals Sorbent-embedded sheets for safe drinking water in developing countries: a case study of lead(II) removal by a zeolite-embedded sheet

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester Botoman ◽  
Elvis Shukla ◽  
Erni Johan ◽  
Satoshi Mitsunobu ◽  
Naoto Matsue
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Type A ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Lta Zeolite ◽  
Removal Of Contaminants ◽  
Safety Of Drinking Water

Abstract Although many kinds of materials for water purification are known, easy-to-use methods that ensure the safety of drinking water for rural populations are not sufficiently available. Sorbent-embedded sheets provide methods for the easy removal of contaminants from drinking water in the home. As an example of such a sorbent-embedded sheet, we prepared a Linde type A (LTA) zeolite-embedded sheet (ZES) and examined its Pb(II) removal behaviour. Different amounts of LTA were added either as powder or as ZES to 0.3 mM Pb(NO3)2 solutions containing 2.5 mM Ca(NO3)2, in which the ratio of the negative charges in LTA to the positive charges in Pb(II) (LTA/Pb ratio) ranged from 1 to 20. After shaking, the mixtures were centrifuged to remove the powder, while the ZES was simply removed from the mixture by hand. The LTA powder removed more than 99% of the Pb(II) from the solution at all LTA/Pb ratios within 1 h, while the ZES removed >99% of the Pb(II) at LTA/Pb ratios of 2 and higher; at the highest LTA/Pb ratio of 20, the ZES removed >99% of the Pb(II) in 30 s. Therefore, the use of appropriate sorbent-embedded sheets enable the facile removal of contaminants from water.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document