Audio Stego Intrusion Detection System through Hybrid Neural Tree Model

2016 ◽  
pp. 126-144
Author(s):  
S. Geetha ◽  
Siva S. Sivatha Sindhu
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Detection System ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Neural Model ◽  
Activation Function ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Audio Data ◽  
The Cost

Steganography and steganalysis in audio covers are significant research topics since audio data is becoming an appropriate cover to hide comprehensive documents or confidential data. This article proposes a hybrid neural tree model to enhance the performance of the AQM steganalyser. Practically, false negative errors are more expensive than the false positive errors, since they cause a greater loss to organizations. The proposed neural model is operating with the cost ratio of false negative errors to false positive errors of the steganalyser as the activation function. Empirical results show that the evolutionary neural tree model designed based on the asymmetric costs of false negative and false positive errors proves to be more effective and provides higher accuracy than the basic AQM steganalyser.

scholarly journals Interference of Asfotase Alfa in Immunoassays Employing Alkaline Phosphatase Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-299
Author(s):  
Isabelle Danielle Piec ◽  
Beatrice Tompkins ◽  
William Duncan Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Detection System ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Asfotase Alfa ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Alternative Detection

Abstract Background Asfotase alfa (STRENSIQ®, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) is the only approved treatment for patients with pediatric-onset hypophosphatasia, a disease caused by a mutation in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene. ALP is often used as signaling system in routine immunoassays. Because asfotase alfa contains the active site of the full ALP enzyme, it can catalyze the substrate as the antibody-conjugated ALP would within an assay. Therefore, its presence in a treated patient’s sample may generate false positive or false negative results. We investigated whether the presence of asfotase alfa within a sample induced interference in immunoassays that utilize ALP or alternative detection systems. Methods Asfotase alfa was added to samples at concentrations from 0.08–5 µg/mL and analysed on various immunoassays following manufacturer’s instructions. Results Asfotase alfa was detected in all ALP assays but ALKP1 (RayBiotech). We observed no changes in normetanephrine and noradrenaline (IBL) at any asfotase alfa concentration. However, asfotase alfa notably interfered in an oxytocin (ENZO) assay in nonextracted samples. Extraction using a C18 column eliminated the interference. No interference was observed on automated analyzers using alternative detection system (COBAS fT4 and TSH; Advia Centaur FSH, fT4; Architect LH; FSH). Immulite 2000 fT4, TSH, testosterone and hCG (ALP-based) showed no interference. However, the presence of asfotase alfa resulted in a dose-dependent increase of Troponin I signal. Conclusion The presence of asfotase alfa must be taken into consideration when analyzing blood samples in treated patients to avoid any risk of misinterpretation of false positive/negative results. It is essential that assays be tested for this possible interference.

Comparison of the Nucleic Acid Amplification System NASBA® and Agar Isolation for Detection of Pathogenic Campylobacters in Naturally Contaminated Poultry

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. UYTTENDAELE ◽  
R. SCHUKKINK ◽  
B. VAN GEMEN ◽  
J. DEBEVERE
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Detection System ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Isolation Procedure ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Amplification System ◽  
Positive Results

A total of 160 poultry products were examined for the presence of pathogenic campylobacters using the traditional agar isolation method and the nucleic acid amplification system NASBA®, both after a 24-h selective enrichment. Pathogenic campylobacters could be isolated from 92 of 160 (57.5%) samples using agar isolation, among which 79 (49.37%) were identified as Campylobacter jejuni, six (3.75%) as C. coli, five (3.12%) as C. lari, and two (1.25%) as unclassified. The NASBA® assay provides a specific and sensitive method for detection of these campylobacters. A total of 149 samples (93.12%) gave similar results for both the traditional isolation procedure on modified Campylobacter charcoal desoxycholate agar and the NASBA® enzyme-linked gel assay detection system. Two false-negative results were obtained with the agar isolation procedure. Nine false-positive results were reported when the NASBA® system was used. However, the high sensitivity of the NASBA® method and indications that in some cases the traditional isolation procedure failed (abundance of a contaminating noncampylobacter bacteria which grew on the Campylobacter selective media) raises doubt about the true nature of these false-positive results. The NASBA® detection assay offers a rapid and useful analytical method when screening for the presence of pathogenic campylobacters. The complete procedure, including 24 h of selective enrichment, required 32 h.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Sensitivity and Specificity of Two Diagnostic Tests for Antibodies to Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein X

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Weigel ◽  
William F. Hall ◽  
Gail Scherba ◽  
Arthur M. Siegel ◽  
Edwin C. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
T Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Negative Rate ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
The Cost

The diagnostic performance of 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (gX-T, gX-H) for antibodies to pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoprotein X (gX) were evaluated using 311 serum samples from a nonvaccinated quarantined herd. When the standardized virus neutralization (VN) test, which uses the Shope strain (VN Shope), was used as the comparative diagnostic standard, the gX-T test had a 7% false-negative rate and a 52% false-positive rate, and the gX-H test had a 19% false-negative rate and a 19% false-positive rate. When the VN test with a Bartha recombinant strain (VN Bartha gIIIKa) was used as the diagnostic standard, the gX-T test had a 9% false-negative rate and a 26% false-positive rate, and the gX-H test had a 24% false-negative rate and a 11% false-positive rate. Thus, the gX-T test was more sensitive and the gX-H test was more specific. Additional diagnostic tests on 79 serum samples from a noninfected herd did not produce false positives for the gX-H test, but there was an 8% false-positive rate for the gX-T test. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that VN Bartha gIIIKa has higher sensitivity than VN Shope, without losing specificity, and thus is a better comparative diagnostic standard. When adding a suspect range to the gX-T test, using the same criteria as the suspect range for the gX-H test, the false-positive rate of the gX-T test was reduced to 5% when evaluated versus VN Bartha gIIIKa in the infected herd and to 1% for the PRV-negative herd. However, 18% of the positive samples were classified as suspect (vs. 8% for the gX-H test). In PRV eradication programs, the cost of false negatives is greater than the cost of false positives; thus, the gX-T diagnostic used in this study is of greater diagnostic value.

WeMos IoT Controller-Based Low-Cost Fall Detection System for Elderly Users

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Mohammed Faeik Ruzaij Al-Okby ◽  
Kerstin Thurow
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Fall Detection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Alarm Message

Fall detection systems for the elderly are very important to protect this type of users. The early detection of the fall of the elderly has a major impact on saving their lives and avoiding the deterioration of the negative medical effects resulting from the effect of the patient falling on a hard surface. One of the constraints in fall detection systems are false-negative errors (no fall detection) or false-positive errors (sending a false warning without real fall accident). These errors have to be reduced significantly. In this paper, an innovative method to reduce fall detection system errors is proposed. The system consists of two orientation detection sensors to track the body orientation instead of using a single sensor in the previous systems which enhances the system accuracy and reduces the false-negative and false-positive errors. The system uses a small size IoT-based controller to process the sensor's information and make the alarm decision based on specific thresholds. The output alarm of the system includes an email sent to the caregivers via the embedded Wi-Fi ESP8266 module as well as an SMS message to the caregivers’ phones via GSM modules to ensure that the alarm message arrives in the absence of internet coverage for the patient or the caregiver. The system is powered by a small lithium-Ion battery. All sensors and modules of the system are combined in a small rubber box that can be fixed in a waist belt or the chest rejoin of the user body. Several tests have been made in different procedures. The tests revealed that the new approach improves the accuracy of the system and reduces the possibility of triggering wrong alarms.

A Prototype for Network Intrusion Detection System using Danger Theory

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raed Al-Dhubhani ◽  
Norbik Bashah Idris ◽  
Faisal Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Intrusion Detection System ◽  
Detection System ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Network Intrusion Detection ◽  
Danger Theory ◽  
Network Intrusion ◽  
Network Intrusion Detection System

Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is considered as one of the last defense mechanisms for any organization. NIDS can be broadly classified into two approaches: misuse-based detection and anomaly-based detection. Misuse-based intrusion detection builds a database of the well-defined patterns of the attacks that exploit weaknesses in systems and network protocols, and uses that database to identify the intrusions. Although this approach can detect all the attacks included in the database, it leads to false negative errors where any new attack not included in that database can’t be detected. The other approach is the anomaly-based NIDS which is developed to emulate the Human Immune System (HIS) and overcome the limitation of the misuse-based approach. The anomaly-based detection approach is based on Negative Selection (NS) mechanism. NS is based on building a database of the normal self patterns, and identifying any pattern not included in that database as a non-self pattern and hence the intrusion is detected. Unfortunately, NS concept has also its drawbacks. Although any attack pattern can be detected as a non-self pattern and this leads to low false negative rate, non-self patterns would not necessarily indicate the existence of intrusions. So, NS has a high false positive error rate caused from that assumption. Danger Theory (DT) is a new concept in HIS, which shows that the response mechanism in HIS is more complicated and beyond the simple NS concept. So, is it possible to utilize the DT to minimize the high false positive detection rate of NIDS? This paper answers this question by developing a prototype for NIDS based on DT and evaluating that prototype using DARPA99 Intrusion Detection dataset.  

scholarly journals Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Proposed Algorithms for C. difficile Infection in Different Pretest Probability Settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s224-s225
Author(s):  
Mirian Dal Ben ◽  
Maura Oliveira ◽  
Paola Cappellano ◽  
Jorge Sampaio ◽  
Maria Beatriz Dias
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Pretest Probability ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
The Cost

Background: The use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as a first-line test for the diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile may result in overdiagnosis and overtreatment because the test is not capable of distinguishing infection from carriage. Toxin EIA assays have impeditive low sensitivity. Some algorithms using enzyme immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) antigen and toxins A and B as the first step have been proposed to increase diagnostic performance. However, cost-effectiveness of different diagnostic algorithms would depend on the cost of each test and on the pretest probability in different settings. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 2 algorithms proposed by current guidelines to diagnose C. difficile infection by developing a mathematical model that would take into account the epidemiology and costs in our hospital. Methods: The study was conducted in a 480-bed tertiary-care teaching hospital in So Paulo, Brazil. All suspected C. difficile infection cases from January to December of 2017 were evaluated for pretest probability analysis. All stools collected from patients with a requested PCR test for suspected C. difficile infection were selected for additional testing to measure the specificity and sensitivity of each different test: C. diff GDH/Toxin A/B combined test, Toxin A/B Microplate Assay, GDH, and PCR. Toxigenic stool culture for C. difficile was considered the gold standard. A mathematical model was developed and simulations were done. The outcomes evaluated were: final annual costs with diagnostic tests in US dollars and number of patients receiving a false-positive or a false-negative diagnosis in a year simulation. Results: In total, 1,441 stool samples were tested by PCR for C. difficile in our institution from January 2017 to December 2017. Overall, 206 had a positive result, with a pretest probability of 14.3%. In our simulations, the PCR-based algorithm had an annual cost of US$279,914.25, with 4 false-negative results and 8 false-positive results. The implementation of a GDH/Toxin/PCR stepwise algorithm would have reduced the annual cost to US$160,488.75, with 6 false-negative results and 1 false-positive result. Simulations of annual cost and performance of the 2 algorithms have shown that the stepwise algorithm would still be advantageous in settings with higher pretest probabilities (Fig. 1). Conclusions: A stepwise algorithm based on GDH/Toxin before PCR seems to be more cost-effective, even in settings with higher pretest probabilities.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Critical Evaluation of Impedance Phlebography for the Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (02) ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Kenneth K Wu ◽  
John C Hoak ◽  
Robert W Barnes ◽  
Stuart L Frankel
Keyword(s):  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
False Positive ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Deep Vein ◽  
Positive Results

SummaryIn order to evaluate its daily variability and reliability, impedance phlebography was performed daily or on alternate days on 61 patients with deep vein thrombosis, of whom 47 also had 125I-fibrinogen uptake tests and 22 had radiographic venography. The results showed that impedance phlebography was highly variable and poorly reliable. False positive results were noted in 8 limbs (18%) and false negative results in 3 limbs (7%). Despite its being simple, rapid and noninvasive, its clinical usefulness is doubtful when performed according to the original method.

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