Pesticide Contaminated Drinking Water and Health Effects on Pregnant Women and Children

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Sanjeevi Ramakrishnan ◽  
Anuradha Jayaraman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Women And Children

In the recent years, pesticide research and regulatory efforts have focused on the prevention of acute health effects from pesticide poisonings and pesticide residues on foods, but more attention is being given to the deleterious chronic health effects. Children and pregnant women's exposure to contaminated water in particular are at high risk for subsequent adverse health outcomes. The chapter summaries the health effects of water contamination.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ward ◽  
Rena Jones ◽  
Jean Brender ◽  
Theo de Kok ◽  
Peter Weyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Nitroso Compounds ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk

Nitrate levels in our water resources have increased in many areas of the world largely due to applications of inorganic fertilizer and animal manure in agricultural areas. The regulatory limit for nitrate in public drinking water supplies was set to protect against infant methemoglobinemia, but other health effects were not considered. Risk of specific cancers and birth defects may be increased when nitrate is ingested under conditions that increase formation of N-nitroso compounds. We previously reviewed epidemiologic studies before 2005 of nitrate intake from drinking water and cancer, adverse reproductive outcomes and other health effects. Since that review, more than 30 epidemiologic studies have evaluated drinking water nitrate and these outcomes. The most common endpoints studied were colorectal cancer, bladder, and breast cancer (three studies each), and thyroid disease (four studies). Considering all studies, the strongest evidence for a relationship between drinking water nitrate ingestion and adverse health outcomes (besides methemoglobinemia) is for colorectal cancer, thyroid disease, and neural tube defects. Many studies observed increased risk with ingestion of water nitrate levels that were below regulatory limits. Future studies of these and other health outcomes should include improved exposure assessment and accurate characterization of individual factors that affect endogenous nitrosation.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences in Self-Reported Neurocognitive Impairment among High-Risk Cocaine Users in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. SART.S23332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Shrestha ◽  
Tania B. Huedo-Medina ◽  
Michael M. Copenhaver
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Methadone Maintenance ◽  
Neurocognitive Impairment ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Cocaine Craving ◽  
Cocaine Users

Background Previous research has suggested possible sex-related differences in executive functioning among cocaine users; however, no studies specifically explain sex-related differences in neurocognitive impairment (NCI) among cocaine users receiving clinical care. Knowledge about this association can aid in the development of targeted prevention strategies to reduce adverse health outcomes. This study was designed to examine the sex-related differences in NCI among high-risk cocaine users receiving substance-abuse treatment. Methods The Neuropsychological Impairment Scale (NIS) was administered to 199 cocaine users (98 men; 101 women), receiving methadone maintainance treatment, to assess self-reported NCI by identifying the patients’ awareness of neuropsychological symptoms. We used T-test comparison to find differences in NCI between men and women and multiple regression analysis to explore the relative contribution of sex to NCI. Results Consistent with prior work, high NCI was evident within this sample, as indicated by high scores on most of the NIS subscales. Women reported greater impairment than men, as evidenced by significantly higher scores on several NIS subscales, after controlling for demographic and other confounding variables. Interestingly, cocaine craving significantly predicted NCI among men but not among women, as suggested by the significant association between cocaine craving and all except one of the NIS subscales. Conclusions These findings suggest that cocaine users enter into treatment with a range of NCI – with women having significantly more neurocognitive deficits than men – that may contribute to differential treatment outcomes. This highlights the need to include additional services such as neuropsychological screening and sex-specific treatment programs to optimally reduce adverse health outcomes in these high-risk, cognitively impaired patients.

scholarly journals An assessment of risks associated with obstructive sleep apnea and its relationship with adverse health outcomes among pregnant women. A multi-hospital based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-334
Author(s):  
Nitin Joseph ◽  
Shreeshaina Shreeshaina ◽  
Shivani L Bhat ◽  
Vinod Kumar Gundi ◽  
Mrudula H S Bharghav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Potential Adverse Health Outcomes of Digital Textbook Use: Teachers’ Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
GyeongAe Seomun ◽  
Youngjin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Digital Textbook ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background and Purpose:The digital textbook (DT) is an appealing new educational medium. The positive effects of DT use include stimulation of interest in learning and stimulation of motivation to learn. Few studies have examined the awareness of classroom-based educational experts about the adverse health outcomes of DT use. The objective of this study was to understand the perspectives of elementary schoolteachers regarding the effects of DT use on students’ health.Methods:The recommended method of focus group discussions was used to clarify teachers’ individual and shared views about this topic. The study design included three discussions with three different groups of teachers.Results:The results indicated that the critical health issues identified by the schoolteachers were potential risks to physical health, risks to psychological health, and environmental health risks in the classroom.Implications for Practice:Awareness and evaluation of adverse health effects for DT users is an important first step for effective DT implementation in our schools. This study provided fundamental data and results that can be used to understand the effects of DT use on student health and to suggest guidelines to predict and prevent adverse health effects in the users of this technology.

Integrated rural –urban cohorts for study of air pollution related health effects in pregnant women and children in Southern India: Walking the talk

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
pp. 5791
Author(s):  
Kalpana Balakrishnan ◽  
Sankar Sambandam ◽  
Padmavathi Ramaswamy ◽  
Santu Ghosh ◽  
Thangavel Guruswamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Women And Children

scholarly journals Oral exposure to lead for Japanese children and pregnant women, estimated using duplicate food portions and house dust analyses

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Ohtsu ◽  
Nathan Mise ◽  
Akihiko Ikegami ◽  
Atsuko Mizuno ◽  
Yayoi Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
House Dust ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Exposure Levels

Abstract Background Lead is a toxic metal abundant in the environment. Consumption of food contaminated at low levels of lead, especially by small children and pregnant women, raises a health concern. Methods Duplicated food portions and drinking water were collected over 3 days from 88 children and 87 pregnant women in Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. Participants were recruited in this study between January 2014 and October 2015. Dust was also collected from their homes. Lead concentrations were measured and consequent oral lead exposure levels were estimated for this population at high risk to environmental toxicants. Lead concentrations of peripheral and cord blood, taken from children and pregnant women, and were also analyzed. Results Lead concentrations in food, drinking water, and house dust were low in general. Oral lead exposure to lead was higher for children (Mean ± SEM; 5.21 ± 0.30 μg/kg BW/week) than in pregnant women (1.47 ± 0.13 μg/kg BW/week). Food and house dust were main sources of lead contamination, but the contribution of house dust widely varied. Means ± SEM of peripheral and cord blood lead concentrations were 0.69 ± 0.04 μg/dL and 0.54 ± 0.05 μg/dL, respectively for pregnant women and 1.30 ± 0.07 μg/dL (peripheral only) in children. We detect no correlation between smoking situations and blood lead concentration in pregnant women. Conclusion We conclude that oral lead exposure levels for Japanese children and pregnant women were generally low, with higher concentrations and exposure for children than for pregnant women. More efforts are necessary to clarify the sources of lead contamination and reduce lead exposure of the population at high risk even in Japan.

scholarly journals 141Are Older Patients At High Risk Of Adverse Health Outcomes Identified In Hospital?

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. i35-i38
Author(s):  
K Ibrahim ◽  
C Owen ◽  
H P Patel ◽  
A A Sayer ◽  
H C Roberts
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes

The economic cost of adverse health effects from wildfire-smoke exposure: a review

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuho Kochi ◽  
Geoffrey H. Donovan ◽  
Patricia A. Champ ◽  
John B. Loomis
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Wildfire Smoke ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes

The economic costs of adverse health effects associated with exposure to wildfire smoke should be given serious consideration in determining the optimal wildfire management policy. Unfortunately, the literature in this research area is thin. In an effort to better understand the nature of these economic costs, we review and synthesise the relevant literature in three areas: studies that estimated the health-related economic costs of wildfire-smoke exposure; epidemiology studies related to the health risk of wildfire smoke; and general economic studies that estimated the monetary value of preventing the specific adverse health outcomes. Based on the findings from this literature review, we identify the need for a better understanding of the effect of wildfire smoke on major and minor adverse health outcomes. It would also be useful to know more about averting behaviours among residents exposed to smoke during a wildfire event. Finally, we suggest investigating the unique health effects of wildfire smoke compared with conventional air pollution to determine whether it is appropriate to extrapolate from previously estimated conventional pollution dose–response functions.

scholarly journals WellExplorer: an integrative resource linking hydraulic fracturing chemicals with hormonal pathways and geographic location

Database ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Wetherbee ◽  
Jessica R Meeker ◽  
Caroline DeVoto ◽  
Trevor M Penning ◽  
Jason H Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Hormonal Exposures ◽  
Zip Code

Abstract Exposure to hydraulic fracturing fluid in drinking water increases the risk of many adverse health outcomes. Unfortunately, most individuals and researchers are unaware of the health risks posed by a particular well due to the diversity of chemical ingredients used across sites. We constructed WellExplorer (http://WellExplorer.org), an interactive tool for researchers and community members to use for retrieving information regarding the hormonal, testosterone and estrogen modulators located at each well. We found that wells in Alabama use a disproportionately high number of ingredients targeting estrogen pathways, while Illinois, Ohio and Pennsylvania use a disproportionately high number of ingredients targeting testosterone pathways. Researchers can utilize WellExplorer to study health outcomes related to exposure to fracturing chemicals in their population-based cohorts. Community members can use this resource to search their home or work locations (e.g. town or zip code) to determine proximity between where they live or work and specific hormonal exposures.

scholarly journals Reproductive and developmental health effects of prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-566
Author(s):  
Ann Aschengrau ◽  
Michael R. Winter ◽  
Lisa G. Gallagher ◽  
Veronica M. Vieira ◽  
Lindsey J. Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Developmental Health

Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is a common contaminant in both occupational and community settings.

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