scholarly journals Drinking Water Nitrate and Human Health: An Updated Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ward ◽  
Rena Jones ◽  
Jean Brender ◽  
Theo de Kok ◽  
Peter Weyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Nitroso Compounds ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk

Nitrate levels in our water resources have increased in many areas of the world largely due to applications of inorganic fertilizer and animal manure in agricultural areas. The regulatory limit for nitrate in public drinking water supplies was set to protect against infant methemoglobinemia, but other health effects were not considered. Risk of specific cancers and birth defects may be increased when nitrate is ingested under conditions that increase formation of N-nitroso compounds. We previously reviewed epidemiologic studies before 2005 of nitrate intake from drinking water and cancer, adverse reproductive outcomes and other health effects. Since that review, more than 30 epidemiologic studies have evaluated drinking water nitrate and these outcomes. The most common endpoints studied were colorectal cancer, bladder, and breast cancer (three studies each), and thyroid disease (four studies). Considering all studies, the strongest evidence for a relationship between drinking water nitrate ingestion and adverse health outcomes (besides methemoglobinemia) is for colorectal cancer, thyroid disease, and neural tube defects. Many studies observed increased risk with ingestion of water nitrate levels that were below regulatory limits. Future studies of these and other health outcomes should include improved exposure assessment and accurate characterization of individual factors that affect endogenous nitrosation.

Pesticide Contaminated Drinking Water and Health Effects on Pregnant Women and Children

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Sanjeevi Ramakrishnan ◽  
Anuradha Jayaraman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Women And Children

In the recent years, pesticide research and regulatory efforts have focused on the prevention of acute health effects from pesticide poisonings and pesticide residues on foods, but more attention is being given to the deleterious chronic health effects. Children and pregnant women's exposure to contaminated water in particular are at high risk for subsequent adverse health outcomes. The chapter summaries the health effects of water contamination.

scholarly journals A Multidisciplinary Perspective of Ultra-Processed Foods and Associated Food Processing Technologies: A View of the Sustainable Road Ahead

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3948
Author(s):  
Francesco Capozzi ◽  
Faidon Magkos ◽  
Fabio Fava ◽  
Gregorio Paolo Milani ◽  
Carlo Agostoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Multidisciplinary Perspective ◽  
By Products

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are negatively perceived by part of the scientific community, the public, and policymakers alike, to the extent they are sometimes referred to as not “real food”. Many observational surveys have linked consumption of UPFs to adverse health outcomes. This narrative synthesis and scientific reappraisal of available evidence aims to: (i) critically evaluate UPF-related scientific literature on diet and disease and identify possible research gaps or biases in the interpretation of data; (ii) emphasize the innovative potential of various processing technologies that can lead to modifications of the food matrix with beneficial health effects; (iii) highlight the possible links between processing, sustainability and circular economy through the valorisation of by-products; and (iv) delineate the conceptual parameters of new paradigms in food evaluation and classification systems. Although greater consumption of UPFs has been associated with obesity, unfavorable cardiometabolic risk factor profiles, and increased risk for non-communicable diseases, whether specific food processing techniques leading to ultra-processed formulations are responsible for the observed links between UPFs and various health outcomes remains elusive and far from being understood. Evolving technologies can be used in the context of sustainable valorisation of food processing by-products to create novel, low-cost UPFs with improved nutritional value and health potential. New paradigms of food evaluation and assessment should be funded and developed on several novel pillars—enginomics, signalling, and precision nutrition—taking advantage of available digital technologies and artificial intelligence. Research is needed to generate required scientific knowledge to either expand the current or create new food evaluation and classification systems, incorporating processing aspects that may have a significant impact on health and wellness, together with factors related to the personalization of foods and diets, while not neglecting recycling and sustainability aspects. The complexity and the predicted immense size of these tasks calls for open innovation mentality and a new mindset promoting multidisciplinary collaborations and partnerships between academia and industry.

scholarly journals Association between shiftwork and the risk of colorectal cancer in females: a population-based case–control study

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wa Mwenga Walasa ◽  
Renee N Carey ◽  
Si Si ◽  
Lin Fritschi ◽  
Jane S Heyworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Risk ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveResearch indicates that shiftwork may be associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes, including some cancers. However, the evidence of an association between shiftwork and colorectal cancer risk is limited and inconclusive. Further, while several possible pathways through which shiftwork might result in cancer have been proposed, few studies have taken these factors into account. We investigated the association between two types of shiftwork (graveyard shiftwork and early-morning shiftwork) and six mechanistic shiftwork variables (including light at night and phase shift) and the risk of colorectal cancer among females in an Australian population-based case–control study. Graveyard shiftwork was the primary exposure of interest.MethodsParticipants (350 cases and 410 controls) completed a lifetime occupational history, and exposure to each of the eight shiftwork variables was assigned to participants through a job exposure matrix. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between different shiftwork variables and the risk of colorectal cancer, adjusting for potential demographic, lifestyle and medical confounders.ResultsWorking in an occupation involving long-term exposure (>7.5 years) to graveyard shiftwork was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (adjusted OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.58). Similarly, no increased risks of colorectal cancer were seen for any of the other seven shiftwork variables examined.ConclusionsNo evidence of an increased risk of colorectal cancer among females who had worked in occupations involving shiftwork was observed in this study.

The Widowhood Effect: Explaining the Adverse Outcomes After Spousal Loss Using Physiological Stress Theories, Marital Quality, and Attachment

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Ennis ◽  
Umair Majid
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Marital Quality ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Spousal Loss ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk

The loss of a loved one is one of the most ubiquitous life experiences. There have been multiple reviews that have found adverse health outcomes for individuals experiencing spousal loss, particularly the widowhood effect that characterizes an increased risk of mortality after loss. However, there is a lack of clarity on the relationship between physiological stress and the widowhood effect. This commentary uses the literature on stress, marital quality, and attachment to explain the widowhood effect and other adverse physical health outcomes. We discuss three points: (1) the chronic nature of stress may be the source of adverse outcomes, (2) the quality and quantity of available resources may moderate the effects of stress, and (3) the level and style of attachment may explain why these outcomes may persist many years after spousal loss.

Human health risk assessment of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in drinking water

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (6-10) ◽  
pp. 149-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret H Whittaker ◽  
Ann Marie Gebhart ◽  
Thea Clipson Miller ◽  
Frank Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Renal Pelvis ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Occupationally Exposed ◽  
Action Levels

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is used as a vulcanization accelerator in rubber products that come into contact with potable drinking water. When such products are evaluated for contact with potable water and submitted for ANSI/NSF Standard 61 certification, any chemical extracting from these products must be below an appropriate action level of exposure. As defined by Standard 61, a total allowable concentration (TAC) is the maximum concentration of a nonregulated contaminant allowed in a public drinking water supply, and the single product allowable concentration (SPAC) is 10% of the TAC. Currently, MBT has a TAC of 40 mg/L and a SPAC of 4 mg/L. A comprehensive health effects evaluation of MBT was performed to determine whether these action levels should be revised. Epidemiological investigations indicate that workers occupationally exposed to MBT have an increased risk of death from bladder cancer. Genotoxicity investigations in bacterial and mammalian test systems provide some evidence indicating that MBT has the potential to induce mutations and chromosomal aberrations. Toxicity studies in rats and mice chronically exposed to MBT identified increases in various tumours, such as adrenal gland tumours, pituitary gland tumours, liver tumours and renal pelvis tumours. The biological significance of most of these tumours is questionable due to a variety of factors, such as a lack of dose-response between tumour incidence and dose, and the effect of test article vehicle (corn oil) upon tumour rates. Potential human health effects of exposure to MBT can be predicted from an NTP 2-year cancer study in rats, as well as epidemiological investigations in occupationally exposed workers. A comprehensive review of the epidemiological and toxicological dataset for MBT indicates that the induction of renal pelvis transitional cell tumours is the most sensitive and relevant health effects endpoint upon which to base a revised TAC and SPAC. A multistage model was used to extrapolate to low-dose MBT exposures due to the genotoxicity and clastogenicity of MBT. A TAC of 600 mg/L was derived for MBT, and was based upon an LED10 of 157.681 mg/kg per day. A SPAC of 60 mg/L was derived by multiplying the revised TAC by 0.10, and rounding to one significant figure. These revised action levels are based upon the most sensitive health effects endpoint, as well as current cancer risk assessment methodology.

Potential Adverse Health Outcomes of Digital Textbook Use: Teachers’ Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
GyeongAe Seomun ◽  
Youngjin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Digital Textbook ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background and Purpose:The digital textbook (DT) is an appealing new educational medium. The positive effects of DT use include stimulation of interest in learning and stimulation of motivation to learn. Few studies have examined the awareness of classroom-based educational experts about the adverse health outcomes of DT use. The objective of this study was to understand the perspectives of elementary schoolteachers regarding the effects of DT use on students’ health.Methods:The recommended method of focus group discussions was used to clarify teachers’ individual and shared views about this topic. The study design included three discussions with three different groups of teachers.Results:The results indicated that the critical health issues identified by the schoolteachers were potential risks to physical health, risks to psychological health, and environmental health risks in the classroom.Implications for Practice:Awareness and evaluation of adverse health effects for DT users is an important first step for effective DT implementation in our schools. This study provided fundamental data and results that can be used to understand the effects of DT use on student health and to suggest guidelines to predict and prevent adverse health effects in the users of this technology.

Are Children Born After Assisted Reproductive Technology at Increased Risk for Adverse Health Outcomes?

2004 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1154-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Schieve ◽  
Sonja A. Rasmussen ◽  
Germaine M. Buck ◽  
Diana E. Schendel ◽  
Meredith A. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk

scholarly journals Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Catarina Luís ◽  
Manuel Algarra ◽  
José S. Câmara ◽  
Rosa Perestrelo
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Food Packages ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Carcinogen Exposure ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products (e.g., medical devices, children’s toys, and food packages), mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods (e.g., bottled water, soft drinks, wine, milk, and meat) brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented.

scholarly journals Research progress of gut microbiota and frailty syndrome

Open Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1525-1536
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Min Wu
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Frailty Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Research Findings

Abstract Frailty is a clinical syndrome caused by homeostasis imbalance. It is characterized by marked vulnerability to endogenous or exogenous stressors, reduced self-care ability, and increased mortality risk. This aging-related syndrome is common in individuals older than 65 years and carries an increased risk for poor health outcomes. These include falls, incident disability, incapacity, and mortality. In addition, it can result in a poor prognosis for other comorbidities. With the aging population, frailty increases the burden of adverse health outcomes. Studies on frailty are at their infancy. In addition, there is a lack of thorough understanding of its pathogenesis. Several studies have suggested that frailty is caused by chronic inflammation due to enhanced intestinal permeability following gut microbiota imbalance as well as pathogen-related antibodies entering the circulation system. These result in musculoskeletal system disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. However, this assumption has not been validated in large cohort-based studies. Several studies have suggested that inflammation is not the only cause of frailty. Hence, further studies are necessary to extend our understanding of its pathogenesis. This review summarizes the research findings in the field and expands on the possible role of the gut microbiota in frailty syndrome.

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