Financial Risk Analysis for Crude Oil Buried Pipeline System

Buried pipelines are the most lucrative deal in today's transportation for transmission of vital fluids and liquids. However, with the advent of disasters, the continuous flow through these indispensable systems gets hampered. The purpose of this chapter is twofold: one is to develop a simulation approach to capturing the effect of risk/disaster due to unforeseen events on buried pipeline, and the second is to gauge financial losses due to such uncertain events. A simulation model considering hoop, longitudinal, and radial stresses on continuous flow carrying buried pipeline subjected to uncertain and risky events is developed in CAESAR II engineering software. The authors performed statistical analysis to carry node-based analysis to describe the repair cost associated with the individual node or throughout the whole pipeline system under study. Although with a limitation in terms of model accuracy and reliability as the actual scenario could differ from the simulated model, the study outlines financial gain over total repair cost using simulation modeling approach in face of disruptions.

Download Full-text

Biosolids Reuse: Continuous Flow-Through Column Testing of Biosolids-Derived Biochar to Sorb Micropollutants

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864717821495898 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (1) ◽

pp. 302-305

Author(s):

L.K Kimbell ◽

Y Tong ◽

A Avila ◽

B. K Mayer ◽

P. J McNamara

Keyword(s):

Continuous Flow ◽

Column Testing ◽

Flow Through

Download Full-text

Functional response of Fucus vesiculosus communities to tributyltin measured in an in situ continuous flow-through system

Hydrobiologia ◽

10.1007/bf00027793 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 188-189 (1) ◽

pp. 277-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. Lindblad ◽

U. Kautsky ◽

C. André ◽

N. Kautsky ◽

M. Tedengren

Keyword(s):

Functional Response ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Fucus Vesiculosus ◽

Flow Through

Download Full-text

Continuous-Flow Photocatalytic Microfluidic-Reactor for the Treatment of Aqueous Contaminants, Simplicity, and Complexity: A Mini-Review

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13081325 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1325

Author(s):

Zhongwei Gao ◽

Changqing Pan ◽

Chang-Ho Choi ◽

Chih-Hung Chang

Keyword(s):

Continuous Flow ◽

Lower Energy ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Diffusion Length ◽

Physical Adsorption ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Microfluidic Reactor ◽

Global Issue ◽

The Individual ◽

Aqueous Contaminants

Water pollution is a growing global issue; there are many approaches to treating wastewater, including chemical coagulation, physical adsorption, and chemical oxidation. The photocatalysis process has provided a solution for removing pollutants from wastewater, where the pair of the photoelectron and hole works through an asymmetric way to degrade the contaminants under UV irradiation. This method offers an alternative route for treating the pollutant with a lower energy cost, high efficiency, and fewer byproducts. A continuous-flow microfluidic reactor has a channel size from tens to thousands of micrometers, providing uniform irradiation and short diffusion length. It can enhance the conversion efficiency of photocatalysis due to the simple spatial symmetry inside the microreactor channel and among the individual channels. In addition, the bandgap of TiO2, ZnO, or other photocatalyst nanoparticles with symmetric crystal structure can be modified through doping or embedding. In this mini-review, a review of the reported continuous-flow photocatalytic microfluidic reactor is discussed from the perspective of both microreactor design and material engineering.

Download Full-text

The Australian National Windbreaks Program: overview and summary of results

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea02003 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 649 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

H. A. Cleugh ◽

R. Prinsley ◽

P. R. Bird ◽

S. J. Brooks ◽

P. S. Carberry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growing Season ◽

Climate Data ◽

Financial Gain ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

Wind Climate ◽

Wind Events ◽

Differing Effect ◽

Economic Analyses ◽

The Individual ◽

Variable Wind

This overview paper presents a description of the National Windbreaks Program (NWP) — its objectives, the main methods used to achieve these objectives and a summary of the key results. It draws these from the individual papers appearing in this special issue, which provide detailed descriptions and discussion about the specific research sites and research methods used, in addition to interpreting and discussing the results. The key findings were the following: (i) Two broad areas of crop and pasture response can be identified downwind of a porous windbreak: a zone of reduced yield associated with competition with the windbreak trees that extended from 1 H to 3 H, where H is the windbreak height, and a zone of unchanged or slightly increased yield stretching downwind to 10 H or 20 H. (ii) Averaged over the paddock, yield gains due to the effect of shelter on microclimate were smaller than expected — especially for cereals. Yield simulations conducted using the APSIM model and 20 years of historical climate data confirmed this result for longer periods and for other crop growing regions in Australia. Larger yield gains were simulated at locations where the latter part of the growing season was characterised by high atmospheric demand and a depleted soil water store. (iii) Economic analyses that account for the costs of establishing windbreaks, losses due to competition and yield gains as a result of shelter found that windbreaks will either lead to a small financial gain or be cost neutral. (iv) Part of the reason for the relatively small changes in yield measured at the field sites was the variable wind climate which meant that the crop was only sheltered for a small proportion of the growing season. In much of southern Australia, where the day-to-day and seasonal variability in wind direction is large, additional windbreaks planted around the paddock perimeter or as closely-spaced rows within the paddock will be needed to provide more consistent levels of shelter. (v) Protection from infrequent, high magnitude wind events that cause plant damage and soil erosion was observed to lead to the largest yield gains. The main forms of direct damage were sandblasting, which either buries or removes seedlings from the soil or damages the leaves and stems, and direct leaf tearing and stripping. (vi) A corollary to these findings is the differing effect that porous windbreaks have on the air temperature and humidity compared to wind. While winds are reduced in strength in a zone that extends from 5 H upwind to at least 25 H downwind of the windbreak, the effects of shelter on temperature and humidity are smaller and restricted mainly to the quiet zone. This means that fewer windbreaks are required to achieve reductions in wind damage than for altering the microclimate. (vii) The wind tunnel experiments illustrate the important aspects of windbreak structure that determine the airflow downwind, and subsequent microclimate changes, in winds oriented both perpendicular and obliquely to porous windbreaks. These results enable a series of guidelines to be forwarded for designing windbreaks for Australian agricultural systems.

Download Full-text

Research on Generation Rules of Chest Width Point Curve Based on 3D Female Mannequin

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.796.513 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 796 ◽

pp. 513-518

Author(s):

Rong Jin ◽

Bing Fei Gu ◽

Guo Lian Liu

Keyword(s):

Point Cloud ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Upper Body ◽

Secondary Development ◽

Linear Regression Method ◽

Point Cloud Data ◽

Body Type ◽

Cloud Data ◽

Engineering Software ◽

The Individual

In this paper 110 female undergraduates in Soochow University are measured by using 3D non-contact measurement system and manual measurement. 3D point cloud data of human body is taken as research objects by using anti-engineering software, and secondary development of point cloud data is done on the basis of optimizing point cloud data. In accordance with the definition of the human chest width points and other feature points, and in the operability of the three-dimensional point cloud data, the width, thickness, and length dimensions of the curve through the chest width point are measured. Classification of body type is done by choosing the ratio values as classification index which is the ratio between thickness and width of the curve. The generation rules of the chest curve are determined for each type by using linear regression method. Human arm model could be established by the computer automatically. Thereby the individual model of the female upper body mannequin modeling can be improved effectively.

Download Full-text

THE MECHANISM OF DIVERSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL RISKS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT

Market Infrastructure ◽

10.32843/infrastruct56-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Viacheslav Dereza

Keyword(s):

Financial Risk ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Financial Risks ◽

Economic Entity ◽

The Subject ◽

Lending Rates ◽

Financial Losses ◽

Level Of Risk

The article discusses approaches to minimizing financial losses by diversifying financial risks, it is proposed to improve the mechanism for diversifying financial risks, which should consist of the following stages: 1) Formation by the financial and economic department of the subject (enterprise, bank, investment company, etc.) of the input data, depending on the type of activity, among which the most typical are: volumes and structure of credit resources, their price, borrowing terms, loan currency, volumes and structure of product exports and imports of goods, export and import currencies, duration of the production cycle, volumes and structure of securities portfolio, types of securities, profitability indicators, types and the level of expenses. 2) Determination of the types of financial risks faced by an economic entity, and its measurement for each type, as well as the level of losses suffered by an economic entity in previous periods, in order to assess the feasibility of diversifying financial risks. 3) Determination of the most effective diversification options for an economic entity by comparing the costs of implementing possible options and the resulting from diversification by reducing the level of risk. 4) Assessment of other options for minimizing losses from financial risks that the entity can apply and which can be grouped as follows: hedging risks, limiting and compensating risks. 5) Calculation of financial implications for an economic entity from the introduction of financial risk diversification To do this, it is necessary to compare the costs and the expected effect of diversification, that is, will the level of risk decrease, or what will be the maximum possible financial losses. Calculated on the basis of statistical data, the values of the coefficient of variation of deposit and lending rates, as well as the exchange rate of UAH to foreign currencies. A methodology for assessing the level of possible financial losses and the effectiveness of the process of diversifying financial risks is proposed. The introduction of a mechanism for diversifying financial risks will help reduce financial losses by economic entities, which in turn will improve the overall financial results of their activities.

Download Full-text

Design and development of a multichannel potentiometer for monitoring an electrode array and its application in flow analysis

Journal of Automated Methods and Management in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/s1463924602000147 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 105-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jarbas J. R. Rohwedder ◽

Celio Pasquini ◽

Ivo M. Raimundo, Jr. ◽

M. Conceiçao ◽

B. S. M. Montenegro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Reference Electrode ◽

Electrode Array ◽

Ion Selective Electrodes ◽

Electrode Arrays ◽

Figures Of Merit ◽

Flow Through ◽

The Individual ◽

Intense Signal

A versatile potentiometer that works with electrode arrays in flow injection and/or monosegmented flow systems is described. The potentiometer is controlled by a microcomputer that allows individual, sequential multiplexed or random accesses to eight electrodes while employing only one reference electrode. The instrument was demonstrated by monitoring an array of seven flow-through ion-selective electrodes for Ag+and for three electrodes for Cl-, Ca2+and K+. The figures of merit of the individual and multiplexed (summed) readings of the electrode array were compared. The absolute standard deviation of the measurements made by summing the potential of two or more electrodes was maintained constant, thus improving the precision of the measurements. This result shows that an attempt to combine the signals of the electrodes to produce a more intense signal in the Hadamard strategy is feasible and accompanied by a proportional improvement in the precision of individual measurements. The preliminary tests suggest that the system can allow for 270 determinations per hour, with a linear range from1.0×10−2to1.0×10−4mol l-1for the three di¡erent analytes. Detection limits were estimated as3.1×10−5,3.0×10−6and1.0×10−5mol l-1for Cl-, Ca2+and K+, respectively.

Download Full-text

A Fully Automated Sequential-Injection Analyser for Dual Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence/Amperometric Detection

Journal of Automated Methods and Management in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/jammc/2006/67571 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anastasios Economou ◽

Maria Nika

Keyword(s):

Thin Layer ◽

Optical Flow ◽

Amperometric Detection ◽

Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence ◽

Sequential Injection Analysis ◽

Peristaltic Pump ◽

Sequential Injection ◽

Experimental Sequence ◽

Flow Through ◽

The Individual

This work describes the development of a dedicated, fully automated sequential-injection analysis (SIA) apparatus suitable for simultaneous electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and amperometric detection. The instrument is composed of a peristaltic pump, a multiposition selection valve, a home-made potentiostat, a thin-layer electrochemical/optical flow-through cell, and a light detector. Control of the experimental sequence and simultaneous data acquisition of the light and the current intensities were performed in LabVIEW6.1. The CL reagents and the sample were first aspirated as distinct zones into the holding coil of the analyser and, then, delivered to the cell; during their travel, the individual zones mixed and the ECL reaction was initiated as soon as the mixed regents reached the cell. The utility of the analyser was demonstrated for the detection of oxalate andH2O2based on their ECL reactions withRu(bpy)32and luminol, respectively.

Download Full-text