Location Area Design Algorithms for Minimizing Signalling Costs in Mobile Networks

2009 ◽  
pp. 682-695
Author(s):  
Vilmos Simon ◽  
Sándor Imre
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Location Update ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Qos Parameters ◽  
Location Area ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Delay Variation

In the next generation, IP-based mobile networks, one of the most important QoS parameters, are the delay and the delay variation. The cell handover causes incremental signalling traffic, which can be critical from the point of view of delay variation. It worsens the quality parameters of the real-time services, which are the backbone of next generation mobile commercial services. We have designed and implemented two algorithms: a location area forming algorithm (LAFA) and a cell regrouping algorithm (CEREAL), which can help us to guarantee QoS parameters in the next generation mobile networks. We used our realistic mobile environment simulator to generate input statistics on cell changes and incoming calls for our algorithms and by comparing the values of the cost functions proposed by us, we recognized that significant reduction was achieved in the amount of the signalling traffic; the location update cost was decreased by 40-60% in average.

Mobility Management in Mobile Computing and Networking Environments

2009 ◽  
pp. 650-681
Author(s):  
Samuel Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobility Management ◽  
Location Management ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Memory Model ◽  
Location Update ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Location Register ◽  
Wireless Communications Systems ◽  
The Cost

This chapter analyzes and proposes some mobility management models and schemes by taking into account their capability to reduce search and location update costs in wireless mobile networks. The first model proposed is called the built-in memory model; it is based on the architecture of the IS-41 network and aims at reducing the home-location-register (HLR) access overhead. The performance of this model was investigated by comparing it with the IS-41 scheme for different call-to-mobility ratios (CMRs). Experimental results indicate that the proposed model is potentially beneficial for large classes of users and can yield substantial reductions in total user-location management costs, particularly for users who have a low CMR. These results also show that the cost reduction obtained on the location update is very significant while the extra costs paid to locate a mobile unit simply amount to the costs of crossing a single pointer between two location areas. The built-in memory model is also compared with the forwarding pointers’ scheme. The results show that this model consistently outperforms the forwarding pointers’ strategy. A second location management model to manage mobility in wireless communications systems is also proposed. The results show that significant cost savings can be obtained compared with the IS-41 standard location-management scheme depending on the value of the mobile units’ CMR.

scholarly journals Quality of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings grown on substrates with decomposed babassu palm stem

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romário Martins Costa ◽  
Marcos Renan Lima Leite ◽  
Sâmia dos Santos Matos ◽  
Rayssa Carolinne Mouzinho de Sousa ◽  
Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva-Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Babassu Palm ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT The use of pre-sprouted seedlings in the implantation of sugarcane crops not only reduces the establishment period and production costs, but also has other advantages, such as a lesser requirement of propagules (stems) and greater phytosanitary control of the seedlings, when compared to conventional planting. Commercial substrates are also expensive and their use increases the cost of seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of sugarcane pre-sprouted seedlings grown on substrates with different proportions of decomposed babassu palm stem (DBPS), as well as to recommend the substrate formulation that provides the most favorable environment for the growth and development of sugarcane pre-sprouted seedlings. For preparation of the substrate (S), DBPS and soil were used in the following proportions: S1: 0 % of DBPS + 100 % of soil; S2: 20 % of DBPS + 80 % of soil; S3: 40 % of DBPS + 60 % of soil; S4: 60 % of DBPS + 40 % of soil; S5: 80 % of DBPS + 20 % of soil; S6: 100 % of DBPS + 0 % of soil. The use of S2 and S3 considerably improved the seedling quality parameters, such as sprout diameter and length, number of leaves and total, shoot and root dry mass. However, from an economic point of view, S2 is recommended for use.

Mobility Management in Mobile Computing and Networking Environments

2011 ◽  
pp. 213-250
Author(s):  
Samuel Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobility Management ◽  
Location Management ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Memory Model ◽  
Location Update ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Location Register ◽  
Wireless Communications Systems ◽  
The Cost

This chapter analyzes and proposes some mobility management models and schemes by taking into account their capability to reduce search and location update costs in wireless mobile networks. The first model proposed is called the built-in memory model; it is based on the architecture of the IS-41 network and aims at reducing the home-location-register (HLR) access overhead. The performance of this model was investigated by comparing it with the IS-41 scheme for different call-to-mobility ratios (CMRs). Experimental results indicate that the proposed model is potentially beneficial for large classes of users and can yield substantial reductions in total user-location management costs, particularly for users who have a low CMR. These results also show that the cost reduction obtained on the location update is very significant while the extra costs paid to locate a mobile unit simply amount to the costs of crossing a single pointer between two location areas. The built-in memory model is also compared with the forwarding pointers’ scheme. The results show that this model consistently outperforms the forwarding pointers’ strategy. A second location management model to manage mobility in wireless communications systems is also proposed. The results show that significant cost savings can be obtained compared with the IS-41 standard location-management scheme depending on the value of the mobile units’ CMR.

scholarly journals A Simulated Annealing Based Location Area Optimization in Next Generation Mobile Networks

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilmos Simon ◽  
Sándor Imre
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Annealing ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Simulated Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Next Generation Mobile Networks ◽  
Location Area ◽  
Incoming Call ◽  
Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Input Cell ◽  
Area Planning

Mobile networks have faced rapid increase in the number of mobile users and the solution for supporting the growing population is to reduce the cell sizes and to increase the bandwidth reuse. This will cause the number of location management operations and call deliveries to increase significantly, and result in high signaling overhead. We focus on minimizing this overhead, by efficient Location Area Planning (LAP). In this paper we seek to determine the location areas to achieve the minimization of the registration cost, constrained by the paging cost. For that we propose a simulated annealing algorithm, which is applied on a basic Location Area partition of cells formed by a greedy algorithm. We used our realistic mobile environment simulator to generate input (cell changing and incoming call statistics) for our algorithm, and by comparing the values of the registration cost function we recognized that significant reduction was achieved in the amount of the signaling traffic.

scholarly journals Stamp-Charged Coke-Making Technology—The Effect of Charge Density and the Addition of Semi-Soft Coals on the Structural, Textural and Quality Parameters of Coke

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3401
Author(s):  
Michał Rejdak ◽  
Andrzej Strugała ◽  
Aleksander Sobolewski
Keyword(s):  
Coke Quality ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
World Market ◽  
Coke Production ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Blast Furnace Charge ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
The Cost

Coke is an integral component of the blast furnace charge; therefore, it plays an important role in the integrated steelmaking process. Achieving the required coke quality parameters by producers requires the use of a high proportion of the highest quality coking coals (hard coking coals) in the coking blends, which significantly increases the unit production costs. Approximately 75% of these costs are constituted by the cost of the coal blend’s preparation. There is a deficit in the best quality coking coals on the world market and their supply are characterized by large fluctuations in quality parameters. Therefore, from the point of view of the economics of coke production, it is advantageous to produce high-quality coke from a coke blend with the highest possible content of cheaper coals. The paper presents the results of the influence of coal charge bulk density and semi-soft coking coal content in the coking blend on the textural and structural parameters of coke, which determine its quality. Research has shown that the application of increased density influences the parameters of the texture and structure of the coke, which shape its quality parameters. The use of stamp-charging technology contributes to the improvement of the coke quality or enables the production of coke of a predetermined quality from blends containing cheaper semi-soft coals.

Evaluation Of The Functional Of Space-Planning Arrangement Of A Building

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Shopping Centers ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
The Cost

The article focuses on the problem of the lack of objective evaluation of space-planning arrangement of buildings as a creative approach of the architect to the performing of functional tasks by the object. It is proposed to create a methodology for assessing the functional of space-planning solutions of buildings on the basis of numerical simulation of functional processes using the theory of human flows. There is a description of the prospects of using this method, which makes it possible to increase the coefficient of compactness, materials and works saving, more efficient use of space, reduce the cost of the life cycle of the building, save human forces and time to implement the functional of the building. The necessary initial data for modeling on the example of shopping and shopping-entertainment centers are considered. There are three main tasks for algorithmization of the functional of shopping centers. The conclusion is made about necessity of development of a method for objective assessment of buildings from the point of view of ergonomics of space-planning decisions based on the study of human behavior in buildings of different purposes.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

Tunnel MTU discovery for nested mobile networks based on location update

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 2090-2094
Author(s):  
Long CHEN ◽  
Hong-bo TANG ◽  
Ling-wei WANG
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Location Update

Comparison of QoS Performance Over WLAN, VoIP4 and VoIP6

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Esra Musbah Mohammed Musbah ◽  
Khalid Hamed Bilal ◽  
Amin Babiker A. Nabi Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Internet Protocol ◽  
Voice Over Internet Protocol ◽  
Ip Network ◽  
Qos Parameters ◽  
Software Program ◽  
Jitter Delay ◽  
Qos Performance ◽  
Delay Variation ◽  
A Performance

VoIP stands for voice over internet protocol. It is one of the most widely used technologies. It enables users to send and transmit media over IP network. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 provides many benefits for internet IPv6 is more efficient than IPv4. This paper presents a performance analysis of VoIP over WLAN using IPv4 and IPv6 and OPNET software program to simulate the protocols and to investigate the QoS parameters such as jitter, delay variation, packet send, and packet received and throughputs for IP4 and IP6 and compare between them.

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