Concentration and Dynamics of the Brazilian Agriculture

This chapter examines the measurement of motion in agriculture. Not only in Brazil, but in several Latin-American countries, important changes have been observed in the geographical distribution of the agricultural activity. They may take different forms, such as occupation of new areas or reallocation of particular products to areas that were already under some form of agriculture. Besides, in any year, for a given level of geographical subdivision, the distribution of a product shows spatial concentration; but the places which concentrate a substantial portion of the total production may change from year to year, and different subsets of the total territory occupied by a product may move at different speeds. Three distance measures will be introduced in order to assess the motion of individual products; two of them correspond to mathematical concepts, while the third one gives the terrestrial distance between national centers of gravity of the products.

Study of the Migratory Return: Analysis to the Condition of the Returned Migrant in the Educational and Labor Reintegration and the Entrepreneurship as an Area of Opportunity

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2018.v14n10p83 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Iris E. Betanzos

Keyword(s):

International Migration ◽

Latin American ◽

Exploratory Research ◽

Migration Process ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

The Third ◽

Evolution And Development ◽

Theoretical Line ◽

Indispensable Tool ◽

Studies on the educational and labor reintegration of migrants returned to Latin American countries have gained importance due to the economic and social implications of rehabilitation. In this article, the return of the migrant was considered part of the migration process. An exploratory research of publications in different international journals was carried out; when consulting the referenced articles, it was identified that at the time of return the migrant presents and perceives a moral, social, educational and work imbalance. From the deficiencies found in the theoretical lines studied - Educational reinsertion, Labor reintegration - the third theoretical line was included the importance of relating the concept of entrepreneurship as an area of opportunity for returned migrants. The results of the analysis of the studies and theoretical frameworks of international migration, showed great similarities of the phenomenon in different geographical spaces, being an indispensable tool to understand their different forms, evolution and development both in the countries of origin and destination.

The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare and Performance

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687169.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Latin American ◽

Cultural Hegemony ◽

Sound Recording ◽

The Third ◽

Performance Criticism ◽

The World ◽

And Performance ◽

Final Group

Shakespearean performance criticism has undergone a sea change in recent years, and strong tides of discovery are continuing to shift the contours of the discipline. The essays in this volume, written by scholars from around the world, reveal how these critical cross-currents are influencing the ways we now view Shakespeare in performance. Essays are divided into four groups. The first group interrogates how Shakespeare continues to achieve contemporaneity for Western audiences by exploring modes of performance, acting styles, and aesthetic choices that are regarded as experimental. The second group tackles the burgeoning field of reception: how and why audiences respond to performances, or actors to the conditions in which they perform; how immersive productions turn spectators into actors; how memory and cognition shape and reshape the performances we think we saw. The third group addresses the ways in which technology has altered our views of Shakespeare, both through the mediums of film and sound recording, and through digitalizing processes which have caused a profound reconsideration of what performance is and how it is accessed. The final group grapples with intercultural Shakespeare, considering not only matters of cultural hegemony and appropriation in a ‘global’ importation of non-Western productions to Europe and North America, but also how Shakespeare has been made ‘local’ in performances staged or filmed in African, Asian, and Latin American countries. Together, these groundbreaking essays attest to the richness and diversity of Shakespearean performance criticism as practised today, and point the way to critical continents not yet explored.

From Medellín to Puebla: Notes for Reflection

Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs ◽

10.2307/165689 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 31-44

Author(s):

Renato Poblete

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Catholic Church ◽

Great Influence ◽

Processes Of Change ◽

Good Opportunity ◽

Political Issues ◽

The Third ◽

American Catholic ◽

The Church

Ten years ago the Latin American Catholic Bishops held their Second General Conference in Medellín, Colombia. The conference had a great influence not only within the Catholic Church, but also on the formation of socioeconomic and political issues in Latin American countries. At the time of this writing, we are in the midst of preparations for the Third General Conference taking place in Puebla, Mexico, in October 1978. Therefore, this seems a good opportunity to reflect on the general processes of change in the Church leading to Puebla and their implications for the future.

New records of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba (Passifloraceae)

Check List ◽

10.15560/15.1.159 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 149-159

Author(s):

Michaele Alvim Milward‑de-Azevedo

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Latin American ◽

New Records ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

The Family ◽

New records of 5 species of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba (Passiflora amalocarpa, P. auriculata, P. longilobis, P. saxicola, and P. transversalis) from various municipalities, Brazilian states, and Latin American countries are documented. Therefore, this survey contributes to the knowledge and geographical distribution of the family Passifloraceae sensu stricto. Records of P. longilobis and P. transversalis, species previously considered endemic to Brazil, were confirmed from Bolivia and Panama, and from Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, respectively.

Whistleblowing to a Latin Tune: The Adaptation Problems of the OECD/FCPA Paradigm in Environments with Disseminated Corruption through the Lenses of the Odebrecht Case in Latin America

Verfassung in Recht und Übersee ◽

10.5771/0506-7286-2021-2-200 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 200-218

Author(s):

Maria Paula Bertran ◽

Maria Virgínia Nabuco do Amaral Mesquita Nasser

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Latin American ◽

Institutional Design ◽

Plea Bargaining ◽

Prosecutorial Discretion ◽

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ◽

The Third ◽

Oecd Convention ◽

The U.S

This paper discusses the adaptation and feasibility of some of the tools shared by the OECD Convention and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The article highlights three of them: incentives and protection to whistleblowers, prosecutorial discretion, and different forms of negotiated justice, including plea bargaining. We call these tools the OECD/FCPA paradigm. We claim that the OECD/FCPA paradigm hardly reconciles criminal punishment needs in Latin American countries. We offer three primary reasons for this inadaptation. The first reason is that most Latin American countries have what the literature calls “disseminated corruption as a point of equilibrium” for grand corruption. In an environment with disseminated corruption (as described in the plea agreement in the Odebrecht case), all actors have incentives to accept or offer bribes. It creates a pragmatic incompatibility with prosecutorial discretion and plea bargaining, as some politicians or businesspersons would suffer anti-bribery enforcement, while many others - including the former’s competitors - would not. The second reason is that the OECD/FCPA paradigm weakens the system of control implemented in many countries, as it reserves the power to a limited number of agencies and prosecutors. Considering environments with disseminated corruption, the concentration of power - and discretion - over a limited number of agents creates the institutional design for the lack of accountability and perhaps collusion. The third reason is mainly connected to Latin America's political history. We argue that collaboration agreements, whistleblowers, and discretion are prone to magnify certain cases of corruption. Considering the traditional connection between corruption scandals and political instability in Latin America, we argue that the OECD/FCPA paradigm offers deleterious tools to political exploitation of anti-bribery enforcement.

New records of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba (Passifloraceae)

Check List ◽

10.15560/15.1.149 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 149-159

Author(s):

Michaele Alvim Milward‑de-Azevedo

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Latin American ◽

New Records ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

The Family ◽

Research Design and Quantitative Analysis

10.1093/oso/9780190879754.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Cynthia McClintock

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Voter Turnout ◽

Presidential Election ◽

Third Wave ◽

Independent Variables ◽

The Third ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Election Rule ◽

Freedom House

The chapter describes the dataset: the independent variables (presidential-election rule—runoff versus plurality—as well as years of runoff and years of plurality) and the dependent variables: levels of democracy, as measured in the Freedom House and Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) indices as well as voter turnout. The chapter discusses the countries in the dataset (all Latin American countries except Bolivia) and the years in the dataset (1990–2016, with the exception of a few countries in which the beginning of the third wave was subsequent to 1990). The chapter graphs trends in Freedom House scores, V-Dem scores, and voter turnout between 1990 and 2016. It reports the regression analysis; runoff was positively related to Freedom House and V-Dem scores at the .05 level. Years of plurality was significant to Freedom House scores at the .01 level and to V-Dem almost at the .01 level.

Obstáculos al desarrollo de las pequeñas medianas empresas en América Latina

Cuadernos de difusión ◽

10.46631/jefas.2006.v11n20.04 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 11 (20) ◽

pp. 75-96

Author(s):

Emilio Zevallos V. ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Human Resources ◽

Latin American ◽

Business Environment ◽

The Third ◽

Doing Business ◽

Intermediate Size ◽

America Latina ◽

Made In

This document reports progress made in compared research about the environment, barriers and prospects facing small and intermediate size companies in eight Latin American countries, although only six are presented in this paper, namely Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, El Salvador and Panama. The first section briefly presents each country’s business environment in terms of prevailing concepts, the overall business universe and its trouble spots. It also aims at establishing a general typology of companies. The second section reviews the study’s methodology while the third chapter deals with the elements for doing business in each country (this paper deals only with the financing, human resources and technology components). Finally, it presents some reflections about the condition of small and intermediate companies and some guidelines for public policy actions.

China and Latin America, from neo-colonialism to interdependence? Brazil Case

Dimensión Empresarial ◽

10.15665/dem.v16i1.1385 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Angela Piedad Suarez Torres

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Latin American ◽

The Third ◽

The Relationship ◽

Since the eighties, the relationship that China has developed with Latinomerica has been strengthened, becoming the third most important partner in the region. This regulation is not only the opening of a new market for China but varied opportunities for Latin-American countries. However, starting from the topic of natural resources and analyzing the case of Brazil, the article seeks to present how this relationship that in principle is framed in Neocolonialism, with interests merely of extraction and use of the resources of the region, can be considered a change towards a more equitable relationship framed in interdependence, from which the two parties can benefit.Desde los años ochenta, la relación que China ha desarrollado con Latinomerica se ha ido fortaleciendo, llegando a convertirse en el tercer socio mas importante de la region. Esta reglación no solo es la apertura de un nuevo mercado para China sino variadas oportunidades para los paises latinomaericnos. Sin embargo, partiendo del tema de los recursos natural y analizando el caso de Brasil, el artículo busca presentar cómo esta relación que en principo se enmarca en el Neocolonialismo, con intereses meramente de extracción y aprovechamiento de los recursos de la region, se puede considerar un cambio hacia una relación más equitativa enmarcada en la interdependencia, de la cual las dos partes pueden ser beneficiadas.Desde os anos 80, o relacionamento que a China desenvolveu com a Latinomerica foi fortalecido, tornando-se o terceiro parceiro mais importante da região. Este regulamento não é apenas a abertura de um novo mercado para a China, mas oportunidades variadas para os países latino-americanos. No entanto, partindo do tema dos recursos naturais e analisando o caso do Brasil, o artigo procura apresentar como essa relação que em princípio se enquadra no Neocolonialismo, com interesses meramente de extração e uso dos recursos da região, pode ser considerada uma mudança em direção a um relacionamento mais equitativo emoldurado na interdependência, do qual as duas partes podem se beneficiar.

Test Use in Spain, Portugal and Latin American Countries

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.15.2.151 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 151-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

José Muñiz ◽

Gerardo Prieto ◽

Leandro Almeida ◽

Dave Bartram

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Task Force ◽

Test Construction ◽

European Federation ◽

Psychometric Characteristics ◽

Testing Practices ◽

Professional Psychologists ◽

Test Use ◽

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.