Home Country Institutions and International Entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
pp. 291-314
Author(s):  
Etayankara Muralidharan ◽  
Saurav Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Entrepreneurial Firms ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Early Internationalization ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
National System Of Innovation

The extent of internationalization by early-stage entrepreneurial firms may depend upon home country institutional conditions. Using insights from institutional theory, this chapter suggests that national-level institutional conditions facilitate or constrain the efforts made by early-stage entrepreneurs to internationalize. Given the strong linkages between entrepreneurs and the enterprises they drive, the multi-level framework proposed in this study suggests that a strong national system of innovation and better regulatory quality, which supports early internationalization by new entrepreneurial firms. Smaller domestic markets induce such firms to explore overseas markets for their products. The framework also suggests that a strong regulatory environment positively moderates the effects of national innovation systems and domestic market size on the extent of early internationalization. While implications for the internationalization process are discussed, specific reference to the importance of policy to support internationalization by early entrepreneurial firms is made.

scholarly journals Cross-Border M&A Motives and Home Country Institutions: Role of Regulatory Quality and Dynamics in the Asia-Pacific Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Peter Zámborský ◽  
Zheng Joseph Yan ◽  
Erwann Sbaï ◽  
Matthew Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between home country institutions and cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) motives of MNEs from the Asia-Pacific region, with a focus on the role of regulatory quality and dynamics. We empirically examine how M&A motives are affected by elements related to risk of the institutional environment of the acquiring firm’s home country regulatory quality over time. The study is grounded in the general theory of springboard MNEs, and the institutional views of cross-border operations, namely the institutional escapism and institutional fostering perspectives. Using data on over 700 cross-border M&As of European firms by Asia-Pacific MNEs in 2007–2017, we analyze the rationales for these deals and their relationship to the institutional characteristics of the buyers’ home countries including regulatory quality and voice and accountability. We found that the quality of home country regulatory environment is significantly related to domestic firms’ motivation for international M&As. However, the significance and sign of the effects differ for different types of motives and over time. Our findings contribute to the literature on general versus emerging MNE-specific internationalization theories (particularly the theory of springboard MNEs) by expounding on the types and dynamics of cross-border M&A motives.

scholarly journals Methodology Development to Locate Hydrogen Stations for the Initial Deployment Stage

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Kenshi Itaoka ◽  
Seiichiro Kimura ◽  
Katsuhiko Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Methodology Development ◽  
Commercial Market ◽  
Potential Demand ◽  
Hydrogen Station ◽  
Station Location

Hydrogen station deployment needs to be progressed in response to the introduction of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) to the commercial market. Since resources allocated for deployment are limited for either private companies who wish to install stations and governments who provide subsidies, efficient station allocation should be cognizant of the service of potential customers. Based on a literature review, the results of a social survey and data analysis, p-median is chosen to find optimum locations for hydrogen stations. Location and the amount on potential demand for FCV’s in the early stage of deployment is estimated by a regression model. The result of GIS analysis for both 2020 and 2025 using p-median implies the importance of covering regional hub cities (such as prefectural capital cities) as well as metropolises. The coverage rate of potential FCV demand is around 60% at the national level, and exceeds 70 to 80 percent when limited to urban areas for the 400-station allocation. The geographical tendency of station locations allocated by the developed methodology provides guidance for hydrogen station location practice.

Corporatism or Industrial Democracy?

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les Metcalfe ◽  
Will McQuillan
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
British Industry ◽  
Corporate State ◽  
Industry Relations

This paper examines the political and organizational presuppositions of industrial policy-making. Empirical evidence about the structure of government-industry relations shows that fears of an authoritarian corporate state are unfounded, and that the institutional conditions described in neo-corporatist analyses of industrial policy-making do not exist, at the national level, or in most sectors of British industry. Organizations and interorganizational relations have evolved piecemeal and not as components of a system of economic management. The British economy is undermanaged rather than overmanaged. Moreover, organizational weaknesses represent a major deficiency because structural changes in the pattern of economic activity are urgently needed. A series of political economy models is presented and used to specify the characteristics of structural problems on the supply side of the economy, and the institutions needed to resolve them. It is proposed that, in order to deal with recurring structural problems, effective and democratic policy processes for the macro management of supply are required.

The Right to Silence

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-567
Author(s):  
Anthony Gray
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Right To Silence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Current Proposal

In recent years, we have seen continued erosion of an individual’s right to silence. The most recent attempts in the author’s home country, Australia, include a current proposal to adopt the United Kingdom approach, and allow inferences to be drawn from a failure to answer questions at an early stage of investigation, in circumstances where later the person does provide an explanation. An attempt to protect the right to silence in Australia at constitutional level is challenging, because Australia is one of the few Western nations that has not seen fit to enact an express bill of rights. This article will consider whether arguments might be made that, at least in some contexts, infringement of the right to silence is, nevertheless, contrary to the requirements of the Australian Constitution. Courts in other countries around the world have also recognized the right to silence in some circumstances where legislatures have attempted to limit it, and these will be considered in the Australian context, acknowledging appropriate contextual differences. Many countries are faced with the difficulty of reconciling fundamental due process principles with the need for effective investigatory powers sufficient to deal with evolving criminal threats. It will be instructive to consider how a successful balance has been accommodated in a range of jurisdictions. It is believed that the law of the author’s home country could be greatly enriched by engaging with North American and European case law, as this article will seek to demonstrate. The article is considered to be of interest to those outside of Australia, to understand the difficulties in protecting fundamental human rights when an express bill of rights does not exist in the relevant country, and to consider how other ways may be found to protect such rights. In this way, this article will use Australia as the example of a country without an express bill of rights, and will consider how, in that context, fundamental human rights can practically be protected by the courts. The conclusions are considered relevant to a range of nations. Specific examples include Singapore and Malaysia, and to a lesser extent India, as will be explained.

scholarly journals Policies to Improve the Mental Health of People Influenced by COVID-19 in China: A Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Qiu ◽  
Yilu Li ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Feiyun Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Social Software ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Mental Health Crisis ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Mental Health Policies

Background: In response to the potentially concurrent mental health crisis due to the COVID-19 outbreak, there have been ongoing mental health policies put in place in China. This review aims to systematically synthesize the implemented national-level mental health policies released by the Chinese government during the COVID-19 outbreak, and summarize the implementation of those mental health policies.Methods: Six databases and two websites were systematically searched, including published studies and gray literature published between December 1, 2019 and October 29, 2020.Results: A total of 40 studies were included. Among them, 19 were national-level policies on mental health released by the Chinese government, and 21 studies reported data on the implementation of those mental health policies. Mental health policies were issued for COVID-19 patients, suspected cases, medical staff, the general population, patients with mental illness, and mental institutions. In the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, attention was paid to psychological crisis intervention. In the later stage of the epidemic, the government focused mainly on psychological rehabilitation. During the COVID-19 outbreak, more than 500 psychiatrists from all over China were sent to Wuhan, about 625 hotlines were notified in 31 provinces, several online psychological consultation platforms were established, social software such as TikTok, Weibo, and WeChat were used for psychological education, and many books on mental health were published. Responding quickly, maximizing the use of resources, and emphasizing the importance of policy evaluation and implementation quality were characteristics of the mental health policies developed during the COVID-19 outbreak. Challenges facing China include a low rate of mental health service utilization, a lack of evaluation data on policy effects, and no existing national-level emergency response system and designated workforce to provide psychological crisis interventions during a national emergency or disaster.Conclusions: This review suggests that China has responded quickly and comprehensively to a possible mental health crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak, appropriate mental health policies were released for different members of the population. As the epidemic situation continues to change, the focus of mental health policies has been adjusted accordingly. However, we should note that there has been a lack of separate policies for specific mental health issues during the COVID-19 outbreak.

The Hegemonic Bourguibist Discourse on Modernity in Post-revolutionary Tunisia

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 179-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Zederman
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
National Level ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Discursive Strategies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Scene ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
The Right ◽  
Shed Light

This article examines the continued resonance of Bourguibist discourses on modernity within Tunisia, how his political legacy continues to serve as a point of reference for diverse political movements, and therefore seeks to question how this conceptualization of modernity remains hegemonic. I posit that the national narrative of “modernity” conveyed by Bourguiba in the post-independence era should be understood as an arena of struggle over power and identity, and accordingly that both serve to shed light on how collective memory is mobilized as a political idiom to legitimise certain ideological agendas and views on what is deemed the “right” Tunisian national identity. With specific reference to Ennahda and Nidaa Tounes, I argue that understanding the prevailing political and social scene of post-revolutionary Tunisia necessitates examination of the social construction of Bourguiba, how he has come to be “mythologised” in order to generate support at a national level, and more importantly how this functions within broader discursive strategies towards power. In seeking to move beyond the current binarism that situates Islamists and so-called “secularists” (supposedly heirs of Bourguibism) in opposition, this study seeks to demonstrate the commonalities within their respective appropriations of the Bourguibist legacy in the post-revolutionary context, and thereby to elucidate how his normative heritage serves as a touchstone for seemingly contradictory ideological currents.

scholarly journals Graham’s Theory of International Values Revisited: A Ricardian Trade Model with Link Commodities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Sato
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
National Level ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Price Adjustments ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Demand Shifts

F. D. Graham (1890–1949) presented an innovative multi-country, multi-commodity trade model that attached great importance to link commodities and quantity adjustments, not perfect specializations and price adjustments as emphasized by J. S. Mill and A. Marshall. However, due of some shortcomings, this model was not sufficiently understood and has been forgotten. This study reconstructs Graham’s theory of international values by rectifying the shortcomings. Through this reconstruction, the following is clarified. First, in multi-country, multi-commodity trade models, the existence of link commodities is general and perfect specializations seldom appear; therefore, quantity adjustments are normally performed in the face of demand shifts. Second, notwithstanding unchanging sectoral productivity at a national level, national wage rates can vary greatly according to the patterns of the international division of labor. Third, while the domestic relative wage rate increases with an increase in a home country’s productivity of link commodities, it does not increase with an increase in the productivity of commodities produced only in the home country.

scholarly journals Practical consensus recommendations on management of HR + ve early breast cancer with specific reference to genomic profiling

2018 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 096-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aggarwal ◽  
A. Vaid ◽  
A. Ramesh ◽  
Purvish M. Parikh ◽  
S. Purohit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Early Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Chemotherapy Response ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Consensus Recommendations

AbstractBreast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and patients are managed clinically based on ER, PR, HER2 expression, and key risk factors. The use of gene expression assays for early stage disease is already common practice. These tests have found a place in risk stratifying the heterogeneous group of stage I–II breast cancers for recurrence, for predicting chemotherapy response, and for predicting breast cancer-related mortality. Most guidelines for hormone receptor (HR)–positive early breast cancer recommend addition of adjuvant chemotherapy for most women, leading to overtreatment, which causes considerable morbidity and cost. Expert oncologist discussed about strategies of gene expression assays and aid in chemotherapy recommendations for treatment of HR + ve EBC and the expert group used data from published literature, practical experience and opinion of a large group of academic oncologists to arrive at this practical consensus recommendations for the benefit of community oncologists.

scholarly journals EANNMHO – A Novel Ensemble Based Technique for Liver Cirrhosis Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Vinutha M.R ◽  
Chandrika J
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Constructive Method ◽  
Hybrid Technique ◽  
K Nearest Neighbor

<p class="0keywords">In today's fast moving world, Liver Cirrhosis is considered as an aspect having substantial significance both at the national level and international level. The preliminary interest of medical science is to develop a constructive method to predict the Liver Cirrhosis at an early stage. The extreme heterogeneous nature of the disease along with non-standardized treatment makes its management a complex issue. Though medical modalities assess the disease, patients responses creates variation in them. Machine Learning techniques have been used in medical prognosis as it helps physicians to assess the disease faster. Taking this hint and contemplating the troubles faced by the physicians in diagnosing Liver Cirrhosis we have proposed a novel technique called EANNMHO.EANNMHO is a hybrid technique involving EANN-Ensemble Artificial Neural Network and MHO- Modified Harris Hawk Optimization and initially missing values are imputed using K-Nearest Neighbor. The Proposed model when evaluated against other ML techniques produces conclusive results.</p>

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