scholarly journals Graham’s Theory of International Values Revisited: A Ricardian Trade Model with Link Commodities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Sato
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
National Level ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Price Adjustments ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Demand Shifts

F. D. Graham (1890–1949) presented an innovative multi-country, multi-commodity trade model that attached great importance to link commodities and quantity adjustments, not perfect specializations and price adjustments as emphasized by J. S. Mill and A. Marshall. However, due of some shortcomings, this model was not sufficiently understood and has been forgotten. This study reconstructs Graham’s theory of international values by rectifying the shortcomings. Through this reconstruction, the following is clarified. First, in multi-country, multi-commodity trade models, the existence of link commodities is general and perfect specializations seldom appear; therefore, quantity adjustments are normally performed in the face of demand shifts. Second, notwithstanding unchanging sectoral productivity at a national level, national wage rates can vary greatly according to the patterns of the international division of labor. Third, while the domestic relative wage rate increases with an increase in a home country’s productivity of link commodities, it does not increase with an increase in the productivity of commodities produced only in the home country.

scholarly journals GRAHAM’S THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL VALUES REVISITED: A RICARDIAN TRADE MODEL WITH LINK COMMODITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-218
Author(s):  
Hideo Sato
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
National Level ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Price Adjustments ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Demand Shifts

Frank D. Graham (1890–1949) presented an innovative multi-country, multi-commodity trade model that attached great importance to link commodities and quantity adjustments, not perfect specializations and price adjustments as emphasized by John Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall. However, due to some shortcomings, this model was not sufficiently understood and has been forgotten. This study reconstructs Graham’s theory of international values by rectifying the shortcomings. Through this reconstruction, the following is clarified. First, in multi-country, multi-commodity trade models, the existence of link commodities is general and perfect specializations seldom appear; therefore, quantity adjustments are normally performed in the face of demand shifts. Second, notwithstanding unchanging sectoral productivity at a national level, national wage rates can vary greatly according to the patterns of the international division of labor. Third, while the domestic relative wage rate increases with an increase in a home country’s productivity of link commodities, it does not increase with an increase in the productivity of commodities produced only in the home country.

scholarly journals National and regional trends in MRI utilization in the face of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osnat Luxenburg ◽  
Mor Saban ◽  
Vicki Myers ◽  
Sharona Vaknin ◽  
Noga Boldor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Times ◽  
National Level ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Elective Surgical Procedures ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
The Face ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Abstract Background and purpose Marked reductions in imaging exams have been documented during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to examine the effect of the two waves of COVID-19 on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilization at the national and regional level. Materials and methods A retrospective-archive study was conducted in Israel, comparing March–December 2020 with March–December 2018 and 2019. Data on MRI utilization were obtained from the national MRI registry, while data on confirmed COVID-19 cases, by place of residence, were obtained from the Israeli Ministry of Health open COVID-19 database. Results The number and rate of MRI examinations decreased during the first COVID-19 wave, with the steepest drop in April 2020: 47.5% relative decrease compared to April 2019, and 42.2% compared to 2018. This was followed by a compensatory increase between the waves and a return to almost pre-pandemic levels of use, with just a modest decrease, during the second, more intense COVID wave, compared with the previous year. Existing differences between regions increased during the pandemic. The rate ratio of MRI exams between Tel-Aviv and the Northern periphery increased from 2.89 in April 2019 to 3.94 in April 2020. Jerusalem metropolitan region, with the largest burden of COVID disease, demonstrated only a modest decrease (1%) in MRI utilization during the first 10 months of the pandemic. Conclusions At the national level, time trends in reduced MRI utilization followed the first wave of COVID-19, and were accompanied by increased regional disparities. These changes were not explained by differences in the burden of COVID-19 disease but might be explained by unequal distribution of MRI scanners among regions. Reduced utilization was not evident during the second wave, nor at the beginning of the third wave, despite higher COVID-19 case load, demonstrating adaptation to the new normal. Patterns of MRI utilization might help policy-makers and healthcare managers predict the behavior of imaging as well as other sectors, such as elective surgical procedures, during an ongoing pandemic. This forecast might help to manage the lasting effects of the pandemic, including extended waiting times, in the months and years following its remission. In preparation for future national emergencies, timely and detailed data on MRI utilization can serve as a “sensor” for a wide array of diagnostic and interventional medical activities, providing policy-makers with an updated snapshot to guide their response at the regional and national levels.

ASYMMETRIC INTERDEPENDENCE AS A BASIS FOR FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1477-1488
Author(s):  
R.V. Ozarnov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
National Currencies ◽  
The Face ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of financial and economic cooperation between countries at the present stage, as well as the features of financial and economic relations diversification in order to reduce the asymmetric interdependence of countries in the face of increasing global imbalances, increased volatility of world financial markets, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The subject of this research is economic relations arising in the process of interaction between countries both on a bilateral basis and in a multilateral format. The paper deals with Russian-Chinese cooperation. On the one hand, the complementarity of the basic sectors of the economy of the two countries objectively contributes to increasing cooperation and trade. On the other hand, the asymmetric interdependence of Russia and its foreign trade partners, in particular China, contributes to the conservation of an archaic trade model based on Russian raw material export and Chinese manufacturing products. Methods for diversifying financial and economic relations are proposed, consisting in expanding the flows of foreign direct investment, using and developing technical and innovative progress, reducing transaction costs, trade and investment barriers, deepening Russian-Chinese cooperation within the BRICS, SCO and other organizations and expanding the scope of using national currencies in mutual settlements. The research is based on general scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, graphic interpretation of statistical information, time series. On the basis of the study, the author concluded that diversification of financial and economic relations helps to reduce the asymmetric interdependence of countries at the present stage. The novelty of the article lies in the substantiation of the phenomenon of asymmetric interdependence as a method for studying the problems and trends of financial and economic cooperation between countries, highlighting the drivers of diversification, which allows reducing asymmetric interdependence. On the basis of a comparative statistical analysis, the tendency of reorientation of Russia’s foreign economic activity towards Asian markets, in particular, the PRC market, has been confirmed.

IT Applications for Medical Services in Japan

2010 ◽  
pp. 327-336
Author(s):  
Susumu Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Medical Information ◽  
National Level ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Productivity Improvement ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
The Face ◽  
It Applications ◽  
It Application

The Information Technology (IT) application for medical services has developed in line with two major national level factors. One was the “E-Japan Project” which was proposed and implemented to revitalise the Japanese economy by introducing IT to a wide range of industries and sectors of the society and by promoting establishment of so-called IT infrastructure. The other was serious concern over the fast rising healthcare expenses in the country in the face of the coming aging society. First, the major efforts were, therefore, made for productivity improvement and const reduction in the health insurance bill claiming procedure and other related fields. These initiatives were followed by construction of medical information sharing and processing system first, and then developed further for regional collaborations among medical institutions. Other examples of the IT applications in the medical services can be found telemedicine to cope with the serious shortage of medical doctors.

Lowering Standards to Wed? Spouse Quality, Marriage, and Labor Market Responses to the Gender Wage Gap

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na'ama Shenhav
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Market Responses ◽  
Wage Ratio ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Demand Shifts ◽  
Wage Increases

This paper examines the effect of the female-to-male wage ratio, “relative wage,” on women's spouse quality, marriage, and labor supply over three decades. Exploiting task-based demand shifts as a shock to relative pay, I find that a higher relative wage (i) increases the quality of women's mates, as measured by higher spousal education, (ii) reduces marriage without substitution to cohabitation, and (iii) raises women's hours of work. These effects are consistent with a model in which a higher relative wage increases the minimum non-pecuniary benefits (“quality”) women require from a spouse and therefore reduce marriage among low-quality husbands.

Summary and Appraisal

1974 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 4-8
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
National Level ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Reconstruction Period ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The managing director of the International Monetary Fund said recently that the world is facing ‘the most difficult combination of economic policy decisions since the reconstruction period following World War II’. It is unfortunate that action, so far, in the face of mounting inflation and balance of payments difficulties, has been at a national level rather than on the international level which the situation requires. In particular, there is still an urgent need to make concrete arrangements for dealing with the capital flows resulting from the rise in oil prices, and to offset the deflationary impact of the latter, while, unless aid is increased substantially, the plight of some developing countries will become increasingly desperate as the real value of existing aid flows is rapidly eroded by inflation, and as their oil bills fall due for payment. Nevertheless the restoration of oil supplies combined with the delay between the raising of prices and actual payments at the new rates seems to have induced an unwarranted mood of euphoria in the consuming countries in the first few months of this year.

scholarly journals Las bibliotecas universitarias argentinas y la educación en línea ante la pandemia por COVID19

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anabel Gaitán ◽  
María Inés Coraglia
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin America ◽  
National Level ◽  
Information Collection ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Service Portfolio ◽  
The Face ◽  
The University ◽  
Innovation And Change

Nos propusimos identificar el porfolio de servicios de las Bibliotecas Universitarias y sus modificaciones frente a la complejidad causada por la pandemia COVID19, a fin de reconocer las diferentes metodologías de comunicación y gestión de las mismas con su comunidad de usuarios en contextos de aislamiento, y que esto nos permita evaluar los procesos de innovación y cambio en ocasión de la pandemia. Realizamos un relevamiento de información documental a través de los sitios web de las Bibliotecas y las organizaciones que agrupan el colectivo Bibliotecario, con el fin de evaluar y comparar las respuestas de éstas ante la crisis a nivel nacional (Argentina), y de pares en Iberoamérica. Luego se aplicó un instrumento de recolección de información directa al conjunto de 326 Bibliotecas pertenecientes a las 131 Universidades Argentinas. Finalmente arribamos a conclusiones que nos permiten ponderar la identidad de las Bibliotecas Universitarias en la Educación Superior post COVID19. We set out to identify the service portfolio of the University Libraries and their modifications in the face of the complexity caused by the COVID19 pandemic, in order to recognize their different communication and management methodologies within the community of users in isolation contexts, allowing us to evaluate the processes of innovation and change in the event of the pandemic. We carried out a survey of documentary information through the websites of the Libraries and the organizations that make up the Librarian joint, in order to evaluate and compare their responses to the crisis at national level (Argentina), and peers in Latin America. . Then a direct information collection instrument was applied to the set of 326 Libraries belonging to the 131 Argentine Universities. Finally, we arrived at conclusions that allow us to weigh the identity of the University Libraries in Post-COVID19 Higher Education.

scholarly journals Enfoque educativo del software como herramienta ante la pandemia: proyecto académico Qroute

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-26
Author(s):  
Luz María Hernández-Cruz ◽  
Daniel Alberto Pantí-González ◽  
Luis Alberto Uicab-Brito ◽  
Emy Guadalupe Huchin-Poot
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Application ◽  
National Level ◽  
Heuristic Method ◽  
Software Management ◽  
Computer Solution ◽  
Health Security ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
The Face

This article displays the analysis and evaluation of the use of Emerging Technologies in a computer solution to contribute to health security in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of the study is to envision Technology with a new approach, as a tool that favors autonomy and social isolation for the benefit of health. The case study of the QRoute academic project is presented, developed by university students who exhibit disciplinary skills and competencies in a comprehensive computing solution composed of a website and a mobile application for the tourist guide in Campeche. With the application of the heuristic method, the analysis, evaluation and correspondence of the Technologies used together with the main health security strategies imposed at the national level in Mexico was carried out. The result of the study concludes that the proposed IT solution directly favors two health security strategies, confinement and healthy distance. In this way, it is ensured that the software management can act as a strategic tool for the reactivation of social, economic and commercial processes in the country.

scholarly journals Indigenous Lands at Risk: Identifying Global Challenges and Opportunities in the Face of Industrial Development

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Kennedy ◽  
Brandie Fariss ◽  
James R. Oakleaf ◽  
Stephen T. Garnett ◽  
Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ecological Integrity ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Indigenous Lands ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Development Outcomes

Abstract Indigenous Peoples’ (IP) stewardship has helped conserve biodiversity and maintain healthy ecosystems worldwide. Among many challenges to this role are mounting pressures from industrial development. By assessing the current ecological condition of Indigenous lands with their potential for future industrial development, we show that the ecological integrity of 22% (8.6 million km2) of Indigenous lands is highly threatened across five continents and 37 countries. We further find that the risk to Indigenous lands is greatest across West and Central Africa because of their high ecological threat and greater obstacles for Indigenous Peoples to realize self-determined and culturally-responsive development outcomes. Using a novel national-level framework that examines the security of IP’ rights and authority over their lands, their capacity to engage in decision-making, and support for facilitating sustainable development, we highlight potential challenges and opportunities for strategic investments and interventions to help IP safeguard their futures and rights, as well as the ecological integrity of their lands.

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