Hepatitis E

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-156
Author(s):  
Daniel Opotamutale Ashipala ◽  
Nestor Tomas ◽  
Medusalem Hangula Joel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
District Management ◽  
The Government ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Supportive Management

Hepatitis E (HEV) remains one of the foremost public health problems globally and it is estimated to have affected one-third of the human population. Usually, symptoms appear 2 to 9 weeks after exposure to the virus and include fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, abdominal pain, and jaundice. While the government has a duty to provide access to clean water, communities, and individuals can equally play an important role in practicing and maintaining good physical and environmental hygiene. In Namibia, the spread of HEV has been a public health concern since it's outbreak in 2017. Before then, the country had two outbreaks in 1983 and 1995-1996 which affected mainly areas lacking potable water and waste disposal facilities in Kavango region. This chapter ought to provide an overview and different prevention measures and supportive management approaches used to contain and prevent the spread of HEV. The above statistic calls for plans and actions from national, regional, district management teams to implement effective active surveillance interventions in place that are geared towards curbing the spread of HEV.

scholarly journals First molecular detection of hepatitis E virus genome in camel and pig faecal samples in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fufa Dawo Bari ◽  
Haimanot Belete Wodaje ◽  
Umer Said ◽  
Hika Waktole ◽  
Melaku Sombo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Faecal Samples

Abstract Background Hepatitis E is an enteric and zoonotic disease caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) that is mainly transmitted via the faecal-oral route through contaminated food or the environment. The virus is an emerging infectious agent causing acute human infection worldwide. A high seroprevalence of the disease was reported in pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, raising significant public health concern. The presence of HEV specific antibodies were also reported in dromedary camels in the country; however, the infectious virus and/or the viral genome have not been demonstrated to date in animal samples. Methods To address this gap, a total of 95 faecal samples collected from both apparently healthy pigs of uncharacterised types (50 samples) in Burayu and Addis Ababa areas and camels (Camelus dromedarius, 45 samples) in west Hararghe were screened for the presence of HEV genome using universal primers in a fully nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR). The protocol is capable of detecting HEV in faecal samples from both pigs and camels. Results The nRT-PCR detected HEV genes in six (12%) pig faecal samples and one camel sample (2.2%). Therefore, the results indicate that HEV is circulating in both pigs and camels in Ethiopia and these animals and their products could serve as a potential source of infection for humans. Conclusion The detection of HEV in both animals could raise another concern regarding its public health importance as both animals’ meat and camel milk are consumed in the country. Further studies to determine the prevalence and distribution of the virus in different animals and their products, water bodies, food chain, and vegetables are warranted, along with viral gene sequencing for detailed genetic characterisation of the isolates circulating in the country. This information is critically important to design and institute appropriate control and/or preventive measures.

scholarly journals Viral Hepatitis E and Chronicity: A Growing Public Health Concern

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Thakur ◽  
Radha Kanta Ratho ◽  
Swatantra Kumar ◽  
Shailendra K. Saxena ◽  
Ishani Bora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern

scholarly journals Potential human rabies exposure in Nunavik: importance of age and dogs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mediouni ◽  
Mario Brisson ◽  
André Ravel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Potential Exposure ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background In Nunavik, arctic rabies is still endemic with spillover from wildlife to dogs. The prevention of human exposure and the management of potential exposure is a high public health concern there.Methods The study retrospectively described cases of potential exposure to rabies in human reported to the Nunavik Public Health Board using the registry of declared cases. Multi-correspondence analysis as well as univariable and multivariable regression models were used to appraise the difference between children and adults and the importance of dogs.Results From 2008 to 2017, 320 cases of potential exposures to rabies were reported, 92% linked to dogs. The annual incidence rate was 2.5 per 1,000 population. The incidence increased significantly during the study period without clear explanation for that. Fifteen exposures actually were with rabid animals, mostly dogs (9 out of the 15). No human cases of rabies occurred thank to adequate medical case management. Two specific profiles for potential exposure to rabies were identified based on age and gender. Children (< 15 y/o), male or female, were more likely to be exposed through playing with dogs and more often injured in the head and/or the neck. Young male adult cases (aged 15 to 34 y/o) were more involved with wildlife than other age groups and mostly injured in the upper limbs and as a reaction from the animal.Conclusions Rabies being a serious and genuine public health threat in Nunavik, potential exposure to rabies needs to be prevented and prevention measures should be tailored to the two risk profiles identified based on age, gender and the animal involved.

scholarly journals Barriers, Opportunities, and Challenges in Addressing Disparities in Diet‐Related Cardiovascular Disease in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny M. Kris‐Etherton ◽  
Kristina S. Petersen ◽  
Gladys Velarde ◽  
Neal D. Barnard ◽  
Michael Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Community Environment ◽  
The Government

Abstract In the United States, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability. Suboptimal diet quality is responsible for a greater percentage of CVD‐related morbidity and mortality than any other modifiable risk factor. Further troubling are the stark racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in diet quality. This represents a major public health concern that urgently requires a coordinated effort to better characterize the barriers to healthy dietary practices in population groups disproportionally affected by CVD and poor diet quality to inform multifaceted approaches at the government (policy), community environment, sociocultural, and individual levels. This paper reviews the barriers, opportunities, and challenges involved in shifting population behaviors, especially in underserved populations, toward healthy dietary practices. It is imperative that public health policies address the social determinants of nutrition more intensively than previously in order to significantly decrease CVD on a population‐wide basis.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of human exposure to rabies in Nunavik: incidence, the role of dog bites and their context, and victim profiles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mediouni ◽  
Mario Brisson ◽  
André Ravel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Potential Exposure ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: In Nunavik, Arctic rabies is still endemic due to a spillover from wildlife to dogs. The prevention of human exposure and the management of potential exposure is a significant public health concern in this region. Methods: This study retrospectively describes cases of potential exposure to rabies in humans as reported to the Nunavik Public Health Board through their registry of reported cases. We used multi-correspondence analysis as well as univariable and multivariable regression models to test for differences between children and adults in reported cases, and to examine to contexts of exposure to dogs and dog attacks. Results: From 2008 to 2017, 320 cases of potential exposure to rabies were reported, 92% of which were linked to dogs. The annual incidence rate was 2.5 per 1,000 people. The incidence increased significantly during the study period, although the reasons for this are unclear. Fifteen cases of exposure were with rabid animals, mostly dogs (9 of 15). No human cases of rabies occurred thanks to adequate medical case management. Two specific profiles for potential exposure to rabies were identified based on age and gender. The first was children (<15 y/o), male or female, who were more likely to be exposed through playing with dogs and were more often injured in the head and/or neck. The second was young male adults (aged 15 to 34 y/o), who were more involved with wildlife than other age groups and mostly injured in the upper limbs and as a result of a reaction by the animal. Conclusion: Rabies is a real public health threat in Nunavik. Potential human exposure needs to be prevented, and prevention measures should be tailored to the two risk profiles identified based on age, gender and animal species involved.

scholarly journals Epidemic Peaks Forecasting on Re-emerging Diseases in Elderly People using the Grey Disaster Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 974-982
Author(s):  
Nipaporn Chutiman ◽  
Pannarat Guayjarernpanishk ◽  
Butsakorn Kong-ied ◽  
Piyapatr Busababodhin ◽  
Monchaya Chiangpradit
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Grey Model ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Khon Kaen ◽  
Climate Uncertainty ◽  
The Government

Climate change causes the spread of non-vector diseases due to the influence of climate uncertainty. The elderly group, which is vulnerable, is affected by such disasters. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to forecast epidemic peaks of food poisoning, which was found as one of the re-emerging diseases in elderly people in Khon Kaen Province, Maha Sarakham Province, and Roi Et Province, which are in the Northeastern region of Thailand by using 2 types of Grey Model: GM(1,1) and Discrete Grey Model (DGM). The monthly rate of food poisoning incidence per 100,000 elderly people from January 2017 to December 2020 i.e., 48 months in total were used in the study. The study result revealed that the DGM had higher forecasting effectiveness than that of the GM(1,1) in all three provinces. The food poisoning incidences in elderly people were forecasted to re-emerge from August to September 2021 in Khon Kaen Province, from August to September 2022 in Maha Sarakham Province, and from May to June 2022 in Roi Et Province. The results of this study are useful and helpful for the government, the Ministry of Public Health and related cooperatives to effectively help services planning resource preparation and prevention measures. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01325 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals Trafficking in persons: a health concern?

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Zimmerman ◽  
Ligia Kiss ◽  
Mazeda Hossain ◽  
Charlotte Watts
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

Human trafficking is a phenomenon that has now been documented in most regions in the world. Although trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation is the most commonly recognised form of trafficking, it is widely acknowledged that human trafficking also involves men, women and children who are trafficked for various forms of labour exploitation and into other abusive circumstances. Despite the violence and harm inherent in most trafficking situations, there remains extremely little evidence on the individual and public health implications of any form of human trafficking. The Brazilian government has recently launched a national plan to combat human trafficking. However, because the health risks associated with human trafficking have not been well-recognised or documented, there is extremely limited reliable data on the health needs of trafficked persons to inform policy and practices.. Brazilian policy-makers and service providers should be encouraged to learn about the likely range of health impacts of trafficking, and incorporate this into anti-trafficking protection and response strategies. As well as prevention activities, the government, international and local organisations should work together with the public health research community to study the health needs of trafficked persons and explore opportunities to provide safe and appropriate services to victims in need of care.

scholarly journals EmergingAeromonasSpecies Infections and Their Significance in Public Health

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isoken H. Igbinosa ◽  
Ehimario U. Igumbor ◽  
Farhad Aghdasi ◽  
Mvuyo Tom ◽  
Anthony I. Okoh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Public Health Concern

Aeromonasspecies are ubiquitous bacteria in terrestrial and aquatic milieus. They are becoming renowned as enteric pathogens of serious public health concern as they acquire a number of virulence determinants that are linked with human diseases, such as gastroenteritis, soft-tissue, muscle infections, septicemia, and skin diseases. Proper sanitary procedures are essential in the prevention of the spread ofAeromonasinfections. Oral fluid electrolyte substitution is employed in the prevention of dehydration, and broad-spectrum antibiotics are used in severeAeromonasoutbreaks. This review presents an overview of emergingAeromonasinfections and proposes the need for actions necessary for establishing adequate prevention measures against the infections.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: an imperative maternal-fetal concern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Heydarifard ◽  
Jila Yavarian ◽  
Somayeh Shatizadeh Malekshahi ◽  
Sevrin Zadheidar ◽  
Talat Mokhtari-Azad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Maternal Risk Factors ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Second Year

Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly emerged virus which belongs to Coronaviridae family within the betacoronavirus genus. Previous reports demonstrated that other betacoronaviruses were responsible for adverse outcomes during pregnancy in human. Due to inadequate data, the consequences of a SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is still a public health concern in the second year of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in human population. Herein, we aimed to review the probable risk of intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the fetus, its adverse outcomes during pregnancy for both mother and the fetus and maternal risk factors which affect the severity Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19.

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