scholarly journals Epidemiology of human exposure to rabies in Nunavik: incidence, the role of dog bites and their context, and victim profiles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mediouni ◽  
Mario Brisson ◽  
André Ravel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Potential Exposure ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: In Nunavik, Arctic rabies is still endemic due to a spillover from wildlife to dogs. The prevention of human exposure and the management of potential exposure is a significant public health concern in this region. Methods: This study retrospectively describes cases of potential exposure to rabies in humans as reported to the Nunavik Public Health Board through their registry of reported cases. We used multi-correspondence analysis as well as univariable and multivariable regression models to test for differences between children and adults in reported cases, and to examine to contexts of exposure to dogs and dog attacks. Results: From 2008 to 2017, 320 cases of potential exposure to rabies were reported, 92% of which were linked to dogs. The annual incidence rate was 2.5 per 1,000 people. The incidence increased significantly during the study period, although the reasons for this are unclear. Fifteen cases of exposure were with rabid animals, mostly dogs (9 of 15). No human cases of rabies occurred thanks to adequate medical case management. Two specific profiles for potential exposure to rabies were identified based on age and gender. The first was children (<15 y/o), male or female, who were more likely to be exposed through playing with dogs and were more often injured in the head and/or neck. The second was young male adults (aged 15 to 34 y/o), who were more involved with wildlife than other age groups and mostly injured in the upper limbs and as a result of a reaction by the animal. Conclusion: Rabies is a real public health threat in Nunavik. Potential human exposure needs to be prevented, and prevention measures should be tailored to the two risk profiles identified based on age, gender and animal species involved.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of human exposure to rabies in Nunavik: incidence, the role of dog bites and their context, and victim profiles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mediouni ◽  
Mario Brisson ◽  
André Ravel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Potential Exposure ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: In Nunavik, Arctic rabies is still endemic due to a spillover from wildlife to dogs. The prevention of human exposure and the management of potential exposure is a significant public health concern in this region. Methods: This study retrospectively describes cases of potential exposure to rabies in humans as reported to the Nunavik Public Health Board through their registry of reported cases. We used multi-correspondence analysis as well as univariable and multivariable regression models to test for differences between children and adults in reported cases, and to examine to contexts of exposure to dogs and dog attacks. Results: From 2008 to 2017, 320 cases of potential exposure to rabies were reported, 92% of which were linked to dogs. The annual incidence rate was 2.5 per 1,000 people. The incidence increased significantly during the study period, although the reasons for this are unclear. Fifteen cases of exposure were with rabid animals, mostly dogs (9 of 15). No human cases of rabies occurred thanks to adequate medical case management. Two specific profiles for potential exposure to rabies were identified based on age and gender. The first was children (<15 y/o), male or female, who were more likely to be exposed through playing with dogs and were more often injured in the head and/or neck. The second was young male adults (aged 15 to 34 y/o), who were more involved with wildlife than other age groups and mostly injured in the upper limbs and as a result of a reaction by the animal. Conclusion: Rabies is a real public health threat in Nunavik. Potential human exposure needs to be prevented, and prevention measures should be tailored to the two risk profiles identified based on age, gender and animal species involved.

scholarly journals Potential human rabies exposure in Nunavik: importance of age and dogs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mediouni ◽  
Mario Brisson ◽  
André Ravel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Potential Exposure ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background In Nunavik, arctic rabies is still endemic with spillover from wildlife to dogs. The prevention of human exposure and the management of potential exposure is a high public health concern there.Methods The study retrospectively described cases of potential exposure to rabies in human reported to the Nunavik Public Health Board using the registry of declared cases. Multi-correspondence analysis as well as univariable and multivariable regression models were used to appraise the difference between children and adults and the importance of dogs.Results From 2008 to 2017, 320 cases of potential exposures to rabies were reported, 92% linked to dogs. The annual incidence rate was 2.5 per 1,000 population. The incidence increased significantly during the study period without clear explanation for that. Fifteen exposures actually were with rabid animals, mostly dogs (9 out of the 15). No human cases of rabies occurred thank to adequate medical case management. Two specific profiles for potential exposure to rabies were identified based on age and gender. Children (< 15 y/o), male or female, were more likely to be exposed through playing with dogs and more often injured in the head and/or the neck. Young male adult cases (aged 15 to 34 y/o) were more involved with wildlife than other age groups and mostly injured in the upper limbs and as a reaction from the animal.Conclusions Rabies being a serious and genuine public health threat in Nunavik, potential exposure to rabies needs to be prevented and prevention measures should be tailored to the two risk profiles identified based on age, gender and the animal involved.

Human Exposure to Rabid Free-Ranging Cats: A Continuing Public Health Concern in Pennsylvania

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Campagnolo ◽  
L. R. Lind ◽  
J. M. Long ◽  
M. E. Moll ◽  
J. T. Rankin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Free Ranging

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Abramowitz ◽  
Dean McKay ◽  
Eric A. Storch
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Significant Public Health Concern ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Past Half

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was once considered a rare and untreatable condition. Over the past half-century, however, a dramatic surge in research has led not only to a clearer understanding of this problem but also to the realization that it is fairly common and impairing, afflicting up to about 3% of the population. When the prevalence and functional impairment are considered together with the anxiety and distress that individuals with this OCD experience, one recognizes that this condition represents a significant public health concern. With this in mind, the present volume focuses on advances and emerging clinical implications in the field of OCD and related disorders with respect to assessment, treatment, treatment augmentation, and basic science.

scholarly journals A Novel Phenotypic Method To Screen for Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance among Enterobacteriales

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew T. Bell ◽  
Yehudit Bergman ◽  
Abida Q. Kazmi ◽  
Shawna Lewis ◽  
Pranita D. Tamma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Significant Public Health Concern ◽  
Phenotypic Method ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Clinical Pathogens

ABSTRACT Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR), a consequence of the mcr genes, is a significant public health concern given its potential to easily spread among clinical pathogens. Recently, it was discovered that MCR enzymes require zinc for activity. Thus, we modified the colistin broth-disk elution (CBDE) test to screen for plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) genes based on any reduction of colistin MIC in the presence of EDTA. Eighty-five isolates of the order Enterobacteriales (12 mcr positive) were tested by CBDE ± EDTA. The sensitivity and specificity of the EDTA-CBDE method to detect PMCR compared to the molecular genotype results were 100% and 95.8%, respectively. Isolates positive by the EDTA-CBDE test should be further evaluated to confirm the presence of mcr genes.

scholarly journals Age-Related Differences in Experiences With Social Distancing at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Computational and Content Analytic Investigation of Natural Language From a Social Media Survey (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C Moore ◽  
Angela Y Lee ◽  
Jeffrey T Hancock ◽  
Meghan C Halley ◽  
Eleni Linos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Guidance

BACKGROUND As COVID-19 poses different levels of threat to people of different ages, health communication regarding prevention measures such as social distancing and isolation may be strengthened by understanding the unique experiences of various age groups. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine how people of different ages (1) experienced the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) their respective rates and reasons for compliance or noncompliance with social distancing and isolation health guidance. METHODS We fielded a survey on social media early in the pandemic to examine the emotional impact of COVID-19 and individuals’ rates and reasons for noncompliance with public health guidance, using computational and content analytic methods of linguistic analysis. RESULTS A total of 17,287 participants were surveyed. The majority (n=13,183, 76.3%) were from the United States. Younger (18-31 years), middle-aged (32-44 years and 45-64 years), and older (≥65 years) individuals significantly varied in how they described the impact of COVID-19 on their lives, including their emotional experience, self-focused attention, and topical concerns. Younger individuals were more emotionally negative and self-focused, while middle-aged people were other-focused and concerned with family. The oldest and most at-risk group was most concerned with health-related terms but were lower in anxiety (use of fewer anxiety-related terms) and higher in the use of emotionally positive terms than the other less at-risk age groups. While all groups discussed topics such as acquiring essential supplies, they differentially experienced the impact of school closures and limited social interactions. We also found relatively high rates of noncompliance with COVID-19 prevention measures, such as social distancing and self-isolation, with younger people being more likely to be noncompliant than older people (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). Among the 43.1% (n=7456) of respondents who did not fully comply with health orders, people differed substantially in the reasons they gave for noncompliance. The most common reason for noncompliance was not being able to afford to miss work (n=4273, 57.3%). While work obligations proved challenging for participants across ages, younger people struggled more to find adequate space to self-isolate and manage their mental and physical health; middle-aged people had more concerns regarding childcare; and older people perceived themselves as being able to take sufficient precautions. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of natural language can provide insight into rapidly developing public health challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, uncovering individual differences in emotional experiences and health-related behaviors. In this case, our analyses revealed significant differences between different age groups in feelings about and responses to public health orders aimed to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. To improve public compliance with health orders as the pandemic continues, health communication strategies could be made more effective by being tailored to these age-related differences.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19: a case study of the 2020 spring pandemic wave in New York City

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (175) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Yang ◽  
Jaimie Shaff ◽  
Jeffrey Shaman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Transmission Reduction ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Pandemic Wave ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

As COVID-19 continues to pose significant public health threats, quantifying the effectiveness of different public health interventions is crucial to inform intervention strategies. Using detailed epidemiological and mobility data available for New York City and comprehensive modelling accounting for under-detection, we reconstruct the COVID-19 transmission dynamics therein during the 2020 spring pandemic wave and estimate the effectiveness of two major non-pharmaceutical interventions—lockdown-like measures that reduce contact rates and universal masking. Lockdown-like measures were associated with greater than 50% transmission reduction for all age groups. Universal masking was associated with an approximately 7% transmission reduction overall and up to 20% reduction for 65+ year olds during the first month of implementation. This result suggests that face covering can substantially reduce transmission when lockdown-like measures are lifted but by itself may be insufficient to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Overall, findings support the need to implement multiple interventions simultaneously to effectively mitigate COVID-19 spread before the majority of population can be protected through mass-vaccination.

scholarly journals Persistent transmission of shigellosis in England is associated with a recently emerged multi-drug resistant strain ofShigella sonnei

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Bardsley ◽  
Claire Jenkins ◽  
Holly D Mitchell ◽  
Amy FW Mikhail ◽  
Kate S Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Travel Abroad

AbstractBackgroundWhole genome sequencing has enhanced surveillance and facilitated detailed monitoring of transmission ofShigellaspecies in England.MethodsWe undertook an epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of isolates from all cases of shigellosis referred to Public Health England between 2015 to 2018 to explore recent strain characteristics and transmission dynamics ofShigellaspecies.ResultsOf the 4950 confirmed cases of shigellosis identified during this period, the highest proportion of isolates wereS. sonnei(54.4%), followed byS. flexneri(39.2%),S. boydii(4.1%) andS. dysenteriae(2.2%). Most cases were adults (82.9%) and male (59.5%), and 34.9% cases reported recent travel outside the UK. Throughout the study period diagnoses ofS. flexneriandS. sonneiwere most common in men with no history of recent travel abroad. Species prevalence was not static with cases ofS. flexneriin men decreasing from 2015-2016, and the number of cases ofS. sonneiincreasing from 2017. Phylogenetic analysis showed this recent increase inS. sonneiwas attributed to a novel clade exhibiting resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, which had emerged from a Central Asia sub-lineage.ConclusionsDespite changes in species prevalence,Shigelladiagnoses in England are persistently the most common in adult males without reported travel history, consistent with sexual transmission amongst men who have sex with men. The trend in increasing ciprofloxacin resistance, in addition to plasmid-mediated azithromycin resistance, inS. sonneiis of significant public health concern with respect to transmission of multi-drug resistant gastrointestinal pathogens and the risk of treatment failures.SummaryShigelladiagnoses in England are most prevalent amongst men who have sex with men.S. sonneiexhibiting resistance to both azithromycin and ciprofloxacin has replaced azithromycin-resistantS. flexnerias the most commonly isolated species in this setting.

scholarly journals Clonorchiasis: An emerging foodborne disease of public health concern

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Mahendra Pal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clonorchis Sinensis ◽  
Gall Stone ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Drug Of Choice

Foodborne diseases caused by multiple etiologic agents are prevalent worldwide affecting both sexes and all age groups. Clonorchiasis is considered as an emerging major foodborne disease of public health problem as about 35 million people are infected globally. It is a foodborne helminthic zoonosis of a greater socioeconomic importance in several countries of Asia. The disease is caused by Clonorchis sinensis, which is a trematode. The infection occurs by the consumption of raw or inadequately cooked fish contaminated with metacercaria of the parasite. The clinical spectrum of disease in humans depends on the burden of parasites. In severe infections, jaundice, cholangitis, ascites, cholecystitis, formation of gall stone, and gastrointestinal bleeding are observed. Maximum cases are observed in males than females, and infection is serious in elderly persons. The diagnosis of disease can be confirmed by parasitological technique. Presently, praziquantel is the drug of choice as it has shown high cure rates in endemic areas. The education campaigns regarding the consumption of properly cooked fish and avoidance of faecal matter to ponds as a fish food are practical strategies that may help to control the disease.

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