What Are the Potential Impacts of a Global Health Crisis on Economic Inequalities in Some Countries?

2022 ◽  
pp. 144-161
Author(s):  
Ahmet Eren Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Inequalities

This study investigates the relationship between the COVID-19 crisis and economic inequalities in some developed and developing countries. Many institutions, like OECD, ILO, and UNDP, have released several reports deal with the relationship between COVID-19 and different kinds of inequalities. These reports generally emphasize the same problem. This study includes some indicators about the situation of education and gender inequalities in OECD countries. These indicators purely reveal that COVID-19 has negative effects on both education and gender inequalities in most of developed and developing countries. The main contribution of the study is to point out the importance of recovery policies the cover the inequality problems.

Gender Inequality in Work Organizations

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
Safak Oz Aktepe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Hrm Practices ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides

In this chapter, the author aims to present, through a review of literature, that the gender equality assumption of the human resource management (HRM) approach is not taken for granted. It seems there exist two sides of the same coin, one representing the HRM approach and the other representing the gendered approach to HRM practices. This chapter reviews HRM practices in work organizations as the potential facilitator of gender inequalities in organizations. In addition, the contentious function of HRM practices in maintaining gender inequalities within work organizations is reviewed. In spite of knowing the implication of HRM practices on being a gender-diverse organization, there remain few studies on the relationship between HRM practices and gender inequality in work organizations. Such research will add a different perspective to HRM practices and contribute to the awareness related to the gendered nature of organizations and their organizational practices.

Gender, Migration, and Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Ariza
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Academic Production ◽  
Female Migration ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Representative Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

It has been more than forty years since the first international meeting on “Women in the Migration Process” was held in Mexico City in 1974. Since then, a voluminous academic production has emerged to trace the relationship between migration and gender inequalities in Latin America and institutionalize this nascent academic field. Important contributions in this field have shed light on women in migratory processes, demystified the predominantly associational character of female migration, stressed the heterogeneity of women’s journeys, challenged the previously held consensus on migration as a mechanism of female empowering, and, finally, problematized variables such as class, ethnic, and generational distinctions in nonlinear reciprocal relations. Using a mixed-methods approach, this chapter includes a selection of the most representative work in this field, then presents more recent research on migration and gender in the region produced from 2006 to 2018.

scholarly journals Immunization crisis may develop due to economic crisis during COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahwish Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Vaccination Programs

Dear Editor, COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis with 61, 149,391 confirmed cases and 370,478 deaths till 29May, 2020 [1]. This pandemic has shattered many economies with an estimated loss of $5.8 trillion to $8.8 trillion globally. This economic loss can result in reduction in funds to World Health Organization. Unfortunately, United States of America (USA) has announced termination of any further funding to WHO which can lead to another global health crisis [2]. As WHO is a voluntary funding based organization its main donor are America, China, Japan, Germany and United Kingdom. Among these USA is the main donor with a contribution of $115.8million alone followed by China $57.4 million, Japan $41million, Germany $29.1 million and UK $21.9 million [3].  America’s termination of funding can put WHO and child health programs in serious crisis. Among many programs run by WHO one of the most important program is immunization of children. Immunization coverage programs  save 2-3 million lives per year causing decline in measles related deaths, eradication of polio, surveillance of rotavirus, BCG and DTaP vaccination in children[4].  It is estimated that during Millennium Development Goal (MDG) there is overall decline in child related mortalities due to malaria, measles, diarrhea, AIDS and meningitis [5]. Remarkable results are achieved with measles are diarrhea immunization programs causing a decline in death rate by 73% and 80% respectively. According to a study with current success rate diarrhea related deaths can be virtually eliminated by 2030. Another successful program is “End Polio” program which eradicated polio from world except from Pakistan and Afghanistan [4][6]. This termination of funds to WHO can waste all previous efforts in developing countries. On the other hand despite of all efforts still 19.4 million children did not received prescribed dose of vaccines. Data analysis revealed among these  60% of children belong to 10 developing countries namely Angola, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam [4]. These countries mainly rely on foreign funding and Non-Government Organization (NGOs) for child health care programs. According to WHO immunization coverage report updated on 6 December 2019 globally 100% results were not achieved Fig 1. The immunization rate was low in developing counties with high population density and poor health care facilities. People are already battling to fulfill basic necessities like food, clean drinking water and shelter [7]. COVID-19 pandemic has further worsened the economies of these counties. As a result these counties will not be able to support vaccination programs at their own. WHO has an already established network in these regions, any efforts from scratch will waste lots of time and eventually cost millions of lives. Now a heavy responsibility lies on the shoulders of world leaders to foresee this up-coming crisis and take appropriate measures. Timely management of funds by convincing USA government or by alternative funding sources can save work of decades done by global community through WHO in saving lives in developing countries.

scholarly journals COVID on the Brain: Anxiety Sensitivity and Mindful Awareness Mediate the Relationship between COVID-19 Obsession and Anxiety

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Emily Beitzell ◽  
◽  
Purnaja Podduturi ◽  
Megan Hook ◽  
Amelia Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Global Mental Health ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Mental Health Crisis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Mindful Awareness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has produced a global mental health crisis and many individuals have obsessive thoughts and worry about COVID-19 which may, both directly and indirectly, relate to more general anxiety. This study explored anxiety sensitivity and mindful awareness as mediators in the relationship between COVID-19 obsession and general anxiety. College student participants (N = 172) completed the Obsession with COVID-19 scale, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, the awareness subscale of the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale. Process was used to test a mediational model. We found both anxiety sensitivity and mindful awareness to be significant mediators such that COVID-19 obsession predicted increased anxiety sensitivity which predicted decreased mindful awareness which, in turn, predicted increased general anxiety. These results demonstrate that anxiety about COVID-19 increases awareness and worry surrounding one’s physical and mental state which lead to a decrease in mindful awareness. Our findings identify mechanisms by which worry about COVID-19 may be leading to increased general anxiety and can be used to inform mindfulness interventions to help prevent these negative effects.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Labor Productivity and Economic Growth in OECD Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suna Korkmaz ◽  
Oya Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
The Relationship

In the course of globalization, the countries entered into an intense competition between each other. In order to achieve the competitive advantage, countries pay significant importance to the technological advancements. By improving the productivity, the technological innovations and developments allow the countries to make production at lower costs. The increase in factor productivities would enable higher levels of output in the economy. Since the factor productivity influences many other factors and the developed countries meet these criteria better than developing countries do, the factor productivities are higher in developed countries, when compared to those in developing countries. For this reason, in this study, the relationship between labor productivity, which is a partial factor productivity, and economic growth in seven OECD countries for the period between 2008 and 2014 by utilizing the panel data analysis method. According to the test results, we find a unidirectional causality relationship from economic growth to labor productivity.

Tensions Between Flexibility and Security

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Cranford
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Meaningful Work ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Personal Support ◽  
Home Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between workers and recipients of domestic, or home-based, personal support services. Recipients and workers develop close and meaningful work relationships, yet they experience different “faces of oppression,” which can bubble up in the relationship and generate tension. Recipients face marginalization vis-à-vis a state and society that values independence. This marginalization fuels recipients' quest for flexibility in their current services. Meanwhile, workers experience different axes of oppression, namely devaluation and lack of recognition within class and gender inequalities, which shapes their pursuit of security. The majority of personal support workers in the urban areas of industrialized nations are immigrant women from less industrialized countries, and their economic insecurity is infused with racialization through nation of origin, language, accent, religion, culture, or skin color. What exacerbates tensions or encourages solidarity between recipients and workers? This book answers this question with a multilevel comparative study of in-home, old age, and disability support programs in Los Angeles and Toronto.

Violence and Everyday Crises

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-164
Author(s):  
Clare Wenham
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Crisis Events ◽  
Structural Failures ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Zika was framed globally as a ‘crisis’ with a narrative demonstrating a paternalistic approach to policymaking and failing to take local contexts into consideration. This chapter examines structural and gender-based violence in juxtaposition to the framing of Zika as a global health crisis at the local level. Despite being invisibilised by global health security and responsibilised by domestic governments, women most susceptible to the Zika outbreak, while providing for their children’s needs, were fighting everyday challenges of financial security, increasing community and gender violence, poverty, and state structural failures in provision of routine health, sanitation, and housing. Zika became just one of a string of individual security threats these women had to battle. This disjuncture needs to be exposed and counteracted, and the lived reality of those infected must be addressed to meaningfully respond to these health crisis events.

Track 2.c Introduction: Gender of/in design practice and profession

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pınar KAYGAN ◽  
Leah ARMSTRONG ◽  
Katarina SERELUS ◽  
Kaisu SAVOLA
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
Gender Research ◽  
Design Culture ◽  
Colonial Theory ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Social constructionist feminist research of the last decades has shown that if we look closely enough we can see that artifacts are gendered by design. Some artifacts are gendered explicitly through their direct association with the traditional binary of women or men users; while gender is inscribed into others in more subtle ways through the normative conceptions regarding (1) their use contexts (public/private), (2) gender symbols and myths (strong/weak, rational/emotional, dirty/clean, adventurous/safe etc.) and (3) relationship with technology. This dualistic view serves as a useful strategy in design and marketing to create new segments to expand the market. Yet artifacts shaped by this view embody, represent and reproduce asymmetries in gender power relations (Kaygan, Kaygan and Demir, 2019). These asymmetries also find form in the professional work cultures and power dynamics of design practice (Armstrong, 2012; Kaygan, 2016). Gender dynamics are both seen and unseen; played out in the everyday interactions of the design office or studio and in the public performance of the designer’s role for client or public audiences (Rossi, 2009). As such, implicitly and explicitly, gender roles have the capacity to enable or inhibit the role of designer as an agent for social change. This track seeks to open up a new avenue for feminist scholarship and trans/gender research in design innovation by exploring the relationship between design and gender and its implications for design as both practice and profession. To this end, we invited papers addressing the questions including but not exclusive to: What is the relationship between gender and design practice and how is this changing in contemporary design culture? How and to what extent can designers act as agents of change by formulating gender inequalities in terms of design problems? Are there any design methodologies and tools that encourage inclusive and gender-sensitive design practices? How can contemporary post-colonial theory and trans/gender research generate new approaches? What insights can gender and design histories bring to contemporary research? How can design educators better contribute to creating an awareness in young designers to design for a more egalitarian world for people with various gender identities?

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