Comparison of Parametric and Non-Parametric Methods to Analyse the Data Gathered by a Likert-Type Scale

2021 ◽  
pp. 414-430
Author(s):  
Tamer Baran
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Response Alternative ◽  
Parametric Methods ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Response Alternatives ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Non Parametric

The aim of this chapter is to reveal whether the results of the analysis of the data obtained using Likert type scales (LTSs) with parametric and non-parametric methods in different response alternative (DRA) numbers will differ in terms of statistical significance. In this respect, the data were obtained from 271 university students with CETSCALE prepared using LTS in five different response alternatives (DRAs). The data were analysed using the one sample t test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Significant findings of the study in the analysis of the data obtained using midpoint LTSs and with the normal distribution with both parametric and non-parametric methods couldn't be found. Similarly, the data obtained by four response alternative numbers with the normal distribution were analysed by both methods, and the significant findings were revealed. However, the results of the data obtained by six and eight response alternative numbers with parametric methods were found to be statistically significant while their analysis by non-parametric methods did not reveal significant findings.

scholarly journals MENGURANGI AGRESI VERBAL SISWA MELALUI TEKNIK SOSIODRAMA (Studi Eskperimen kelas VII MTs Islamic Center Nahdlatul Wathan Batam)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamama Rofiqah
Keyword(s):  
Rank Test ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The One

Teknik sosiodrama merupakan pemberian bantuan kepada siswa yang memiliki permasalahan dalam hubungan sosial dengan cara membentuk sebuah kelompok dan permasalahannya akan diselesaikan dengan bermain peran. Dengan mengikuti teknik sosiodrama ini siswa diharapkan dapat meningkatkan keterampilan dalam bertingkah laku dan bersosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah teknik sosiodrama dapat mengurangi perilaku agresi verbal siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan rancangan Pre-Eskperimen ( The One Group Pretest-Posttest Design). Penelitian dilakukan di MTs Islamic Center Nahdlatul Wathan dengan sampel penelitian sebanyak 20 orang. Instrument yang digunakan adalah angket skala likert. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan rumus Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum perilaku agresi verbal siswa dapat dikurangi melalui penerapan teknik sosiodrama. Oleh karena itu, salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan oleh guru BK dalam menangani siswa yang berperilaku agresi adalah dengan menerapkan teknik sosiodrama.

scholarly journals Paediatric ED utilisation in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. emermed-2020-210124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois Lee ◽  
Rebekah Mannix ◽  
Romain Guedj ◽  
Shu-Ling Chong ◽  
Sidney Sunwoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Patient Volume ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Varied Response ◽  
The One

BackgroundPast epidemics, including influenza, have resulted in increased paediatric patient volume in EDs. During the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was unclear how ED volume would be impacted in paediatric hospitals. The objective of this study was to examine differences in the international experience of paediatric ED utilisation and disposition at five different children’s hospitals.MethodsWe obtained data on ED volume, acuity level and disposition (hospitalisation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission) for the time period 1 December1–10 August for the years 2017–2020 from hospitals in five cities (Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Singapore; Melbourne, Australia; Seattle, Washington, USA; and Paris, France). Per cent change was analysed using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed rank test.ResultsOverall ED volume dramatically decreased in all five hospitals during the early months of COVID-19 compared with prior years. There was a more varied response of decreases in ED volume by acuity level, hospitalisation and ICU admission among the five hospitals. The one exception was a 2% increase in ICU admissions in Paris. As of August 2020, all hospitals have demonstrated increases in ED volume; however, they are still below baseline.ConclusionPaediatric EDs in these five cities demonstrated differential decreases of ED volume by acuity and disposition during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Anorganic Bovine Bone (Bio-Oss) and Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite (Ostim) in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adileh Shirmohammadi ◽  
Leila Roshangar ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Chitsazi ◽  
Reza Pourabbas ◽  
Masoumeh Faramarzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Bovine Bone ◽  
Sinus Augmentation ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Sinus Floor Augmentation ◽  
Sinus Floor ◽  
The Difference

Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss) in comparison with nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (Ostim) in sinus floor augmentation. Methods. Ten patients aged 40–80 were selected. All the patients needed sinus floor augmentation due to insufficient bone for simultaneous implant placement. The patients underwent panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) prior to surgical procedure. After lifting the sinus membrane, Bio-Oss and Ostim are randomly grafted at one of the two sides. Biopsies were obtained from areas identified 5 months after the surgery and before implant placement and then were prepared for histological analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparison of histological and radiological parameters between the two groups. Results. Histological findings revealed a significant increase in percentages of new bone in the Ostim group (P=0.015). Furthermore, new bone density was greater with Ostim compared to Bio-Oss (P=0.038); however, the difference in height increase after surgery did not reach statistical significance (P=0.191). Conclusion. Despite the limitations of this trial, Ostim and Bio-Oss are useful biomaterials in sinus augmentation and Ostim seems to be even more effective in new bone formation.

scholarly journals Effects of a periodized functional strength training program (FST) on Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in physical education students

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Michał Sawczyn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Training Intervention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Group

Background and Study Aim: To examine the effects of periodized functional strength training (FST) on FMS scores of sport university students with higher risk of injury. Material and Methods: Thirty three  participants (age 21.6±1.3 years, height 177.8±6.9 m, mass 80.4±7.7 kg) with FMS total score ≤ 14 were selected from eighty two volunteered students of University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk and randomly assigned to experimental group (n=16) and control group (n=17). The FMS test was conducted one week before and one week after the 12 week training intervention. The experimental group participated in FST program through 12 weeks. The control group did not engaged in any additional physical activity than planned in their course of study. The  collected  data  were  analysed  using Statistica 13.3 pl (StatSoft Inc). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to establish the statistical significance of the difference between FMS total scores within each group and Mann Whitney U test between groups before and after the 12 week training intervention. Results: 45 % of volunteers in the first FMS testing showed total scores ≤14. The experimental group that participated in FST program changed significantly FMS total scores after 12 weeks (p<0.05). There were also significant differences in FMS total score between groups after the experiment (p<0.05). Conclusions: There is a need for injury prevention programs for students of University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdańsk. It is clear from this study that FST is effective in improving FMS total score in students with cut off score ≤14.

scholarly journals Meningkatkan Kemandirian Anak melalui Pembelajaran Metode Montessori

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Eka Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Interview Data ◽  
Bright Star ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Behavioral Checklist ◽  
Non Parametric

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemandirian anak setelah penerapan pembelajaran metode Montessori di Bright Star Makassar School. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan menggunakan desain pretest-posttest one group dengan subjek penelitian sebanyak lima belas anak. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan observasi dan wawancara. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan berupa skala observasi kemandirian (behavioral checklist pada kemandirian anak) dengan model skala likert dan guide interview. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistic non parametric Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Hasilnya menunjukkan p = 0.001 (p < 0.05), artinya penerapan metode Montessori signifikan meningkatkan kemandirian anak di Bright Star Makassar School. Keseluruhan sampel dalam penelitian ini semakin mandiri setelah diterapkan pembelajaran menggunakan metode Montessori dan tidak ada satu anak pun yang tidak mengalami kemajuan kemandirian. Begitu pula berdasarkan data statistik deskriptif ditemukan adanya perbedaan rata-rata skor kemandirian sebelum dengan rata-rata skor kemandirian sesudah perlakuan pembelajaran menggunakan metode Montessori. Penelitian ini membuktikan kemandirian anak dapat ditingkatkan melalui pembelajaran metode Montessori.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Pengetahuan Remaja Tentang Perilaku Seksual Setelah Pendidikan Seks dan Dampaknya, Ternate, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Muhlisa Albaar ◽  
Damir Umanailo
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Sufficient Knowledge ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The One

In North Maluku, the death rate due to AIDS specifically Ternate is in the first place with the number of deaths 10 people from 9 existing urban districts, in the second place with the highest death rate is in North Halmahhera district with a total of 7 deaths, in third place deaths due to AIDS is West Halmahera district with a total death toll of 5 people.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sex education on adolescent knowledge about sexual behavior. This study uses a Pre-Experimental method, with the design of the One-Group Pre-Post Test. The results showed that before being given sex education 38.6% of students had sufficient knowledge and students who had a less knowledge were 35% and those who had good knowledge were only 26.4% of the total students. whereas after being given sex education, the results showed that students who had good knowledge drastically increased to 81.4% and students who had less knowledge were only 0.7% while students who had sufficient knowledge were only 17.9%. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistic test shows that P = 0.000. In Conclusion, there is an effect of providing sex education on increasing adolescent knowledge to sexual behavior. Hoped, in the future related parties can improve the quality and quantity of sex education in adolescents.

Tests for Probability of A Reaction and Difference Between Reactions Where Treatment Increases Marker-Values of Particular Subjects but Decreases Others

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torao Ishida ◽  
Ken Takagi ◽  
Gui-feng Wang ◽  
Nobuyuki Tanahashi ◽  
Jun Kawanokuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
T Test ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Combination Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The Difference

Abstract PD-1 has a role in regulating the response of the immune system to the cells of the human body. Paris et al. reported that combination antiretroviral therapy did not change % CD4+ of PD-1highCTLA-4lowCD127high early/intermediated T cells of human immunodeficiency virus infected patients but increased the percent of the marker limited to initial CD4 counts <200 with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We hypothesized that the treatment increased the marker value in patients whose initial marker value is less than a particular value and decreased the marker value in other patients and that the test misleadingly concluded that the treatment did not change the marker value. General subgroup analyses correctly estimate the statistical significance of such a reaction or difference between such reactions only when the reaction of both of subgroups or both difference between such subgroups is statistically significant. We propose Ishida’ t-test for paired samples that can correctly judge the probability without division of the group into subgroups, and Ishida’ t-test for unpaired samples that can correctly judge the statistical significance of the difference between such reactions. We also showed that many treatments cause such increase and decrease of marker values relating PD-1 of subjects.

The Influence of Breast Cancer on the Distribution of Cherry Angiomas on the Anterior Thoracic Wall: A Case Series Study

Dermatology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 235 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Guastafierro ◽  
Vincenzo Verdura ◽  
Bruno Di Pace ◽  
Mario Faenza ◽  
Corrado Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Thoracic Wall ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Unilateral Breast Cancer ◽  
Case Series Study ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The Difference

Background/Aims: Cherry angiomas (CAs) are one of the most common vascular manifestations of the skin. By and large, these benign lesions often only represent an aesthetic problem. In the literature, few authors have focused on the pathogenesis of these lesions, and some risk factors have been identified, such as the presence of cutaneous and non-skin neoplasias. In this study, the correlation between the distribution of CAs and breast cancer was investigated. Methods: We carried out a study whereby 50 women with unilateral breast cancer and the presence of CAs on the anterior thoracic wall were evaluated, with a particular focus on the difference in the number of CAs between the two haemithoraces. The data was elaborated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test in order to evaluate whether there was a statistical significance in the distribution of CAs. Results: In 31 patients we found that the number of CAs was greater on the cancerous breast than on the contralateral one (p value <0.0001). This was confirmed both in the group of patients suffering from ductal breast cancer and in the group with early invasive breast tumours. Conclusion: It is not clear whether CAs develop prior to or following breast cancer, indicating the possibility that this cutaneous manifestation could take on a predictive, prognostic development or represent only an epiphenomenon. Further in-depth studies into the pathogenesis of CAs and the relationship with breast cancer could lead to noteworthy diagnostic-therapeutic advances.

scholarly journals A Visual Scan Analysis Protocol for Postural Assessment at School in Young Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E. Alves ◽  
Daniel A. Marinho ◽  
Duarte N. Carneiro ◽  
Jorge Alves ◽  
Pedro Forte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
School Context ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
School Students ◽  
Perfect Agreement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Signed Rank Test

The aim of this study was to compare the X-ray diagnosis with a non-invasive method for spine alignment assessment adopting a visual scan analysis with a plumb line and simetograph in middle-school students. The sample of this study was composed of 31 males and 50 females with an average age of 14.23 (± 3.11) years. The visual scan analysis was assessed at a school; whereas, the X-ray was performed in a hospital. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess the differences between methods and scoliosis classifications (non-accentuated <10º and scoliosis >10º), and the Kappa was used to assess the agreement between methods. The comparisons between the methods revealed non-significant differences (z = −0.577; p = 0.564), with almost perfect agreement between tests (K = 0.821; p < 0.001). Moreover, no statistical significance was observed between methods by the scoliosis classification (z = −1.000; p = 0.317), with almost perfect agreement between tests (K = 0.888; p < 0.001). This research supports the conclusion that there are no significant differences between the two methods. Therefore, it should be highlighted that this field test should be used by physical education teachers in their classes, or in a school context, in order to determine misalignments or scoliosis prevalence among middle-school students.

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