Energy Optimization at GSM Base Station Sites Located in Rural Areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Anayochukwu Ani ◽  
Nzeako Anthony Ndubueze
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Software Simulation ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Energy Options ◽  
Total Impact ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Station Site ◽  
Mobile Base

This paper explores the best energy options by which the choice of the most energy optimized solution for a given GSM Base Station Site and location in any rural area in Nigeria can be made. The patterns of load consumption by mobile base stations at various geographical locations in rural areas are studied and suitably modeled for optimization using HOMER software. Simulation results show the optimized energy options to be superior to conventional solutions whereby diesel generators are currently used to power GSM Base Station Sites around Nigeria. Total Net Present Cost (NPC) and total impact on the environment are used as indices for measuring the optimization level of each energy solution. The solution with the highest optimization value is considered to be the best energy option for that Base Station Site.

scholarly journals Evaluación de niveles de exposición electromagnética causados por las estaciones base de Telefonía Móvil Celular [Assessment for electromagnetic exposure level caused by cellular mobile transmitting antennas in base station]

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walder de Jesús Canova García
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Mobile Base Station ◽  
Cellular Mobile ◽  
Mobile Base

Resumen El creciente número de estaciones base de telefonía móvil celular alrededor de sectores residenciales o tránsito de personas, causa preocupación en la comunidad sobre si la radiación de campos electromagnéticos puedan causar riesgos en la salud. Internacionalmente existen estándares que establecen límites a las diversas fuentes de campos electromagnéticos para garantizar que se minimizan los riesgos en la salud. Cada país adopta dentro de su legislación algún estándar o recomendación y exige su cumplimiento a los operadores de estaciones de telecomunicaciones, por ejemplo en Colombia rige el decreto 195 de 2005. El artículo presenta una evaluación, basados en mediciones técnicas en el 2010, para obtener los niveles de exposición a campos electromagnéticos generados por las antenas instaladas en las estaciones base de telefonía móvil. Luego aparece el procedimiento general de mediciones, donde incluye el plan ejecutorial de mediciones, la configuración de la instrumentación y la caracterización de los lugares y puntos de medición. Por último, los resultados medidos en algunos lugares, donde las antenas de transmisión cumplían con la normativa adoptada en Colombia. Palabras Clave: Exposición a campos Electromagnéticos, Estaciones base de Telefonía móvil celular, Mediciones de banda angosta.   Abstract The growth of installations of transmitting antennas on base stations surrounding residential spaces or person traffic causes concerns in the community, about whether the radiation of electromagnetic fields of transmitting antennas in mobile base station can generate health risk. Over the world, there are standards that establish maximum levels permitted to different electromagnetic field sources to accomplish security ranges for health risks. Each country adopts in their legislation some international standard and requires to telecommunication operators stations for its compliance. In Colombian, the decree 195 of 2005 is still valid. This article shows an assessment, based on technical measurements developed in 2010, to acquire the electromagnetic field exposure levels generated by transmitting antennas installed on Mobile Base Station. This assessment includes the measurement system procedure: plan of measurement, instrumental configuration, and characterization of measurement places. Finally, here presents the measured results in some places, which exposure levels satisfied the adopted legislation in Colombia. Keywords: Electromagnetic Field Exposure, Mobile Base Stations, Narrowband Measurement.

scholarly journals TOF-Based Fast Self-Positioning Algorithm for UWB Mobile Base Stations

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6359
Author(s):  
Yuxiang Han ◽  
Xiaoming Zhang ◽  
Zhengxi Lai ◽  
Yuchen Geng
Keyword(s):  
Local Coordinate System ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Positioning Error ◽  
Position Measurement ◽  
Propagation Law ◽  
Positioning Algorithm ◽  
Mobile Base

To solve the problem of heavy workload and high cost when acquiring the position of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) mobile base stations in sports fields, a fast self-positioning algorithm for UWB mobile base stations algorithm based on Time of Flight (TOF) is proposed. First, according to the layout of the base stations in the sports field, the local coordinate system is determined, and an equation based on the ranging information between the base stations is established; the Least Square method is used to calculate the coordinates of each base station, and the Newton Iteration method is used to converge the positioning results. Then the origin and propagation law of positioning error, as well as the method of reducing the positioning error are analyzed. The simulation data and experimental results show that the average positioning accuracy of the mobile base station is within 0.05 m, which meets the expected accuracy of the base station position measurement. Compared with traditional manual measurement methods, base station self-positioning can effectively save deployment time and reduce workload.

Environmental Pollution of Cellular Mobile Base Station in Populated Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Radhi Sahan ◽  
Haider Easa ◽  
Adheed Sallomi
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
The Public ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Cellular Mobile ◽  
Mobile Communication Technology ◽  
Electromagnetic Pollution ◽  
Mobile Base

Cellular mobile communication technology has grown exponentially in the last decade resulting in large number of base stations in areas at which people are living or working. All over the world, the electromagnetic pollution produced from cellular base stations erected in residential areas and its effect on the environment and human body is a problem that has been concerning the society for many years. This paper, introduces the effects of electromagnetic energy emitted cellular base stations on the biological systems of the human body. The induced electromagnetic fields (EMF), and specific absorption rate (SAR) were calculated in close proximity to cellular mobile base stations. The calculated values of SAR were compared with the most commonly used international limits. The results show that the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure levels at a distance of several meters from the base station towers can cause hazardous effects to the public.

Interference Mitigation for Satellite

2017 ◽  
pp. 123-138
Author(s):  
Yong Liao ◽  
Yufeng Li ◽  
Shumin Zhang ◽  
Ming Zhao ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Network ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Interference Mitigation ◽  
Weight Vector ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Geo Satellite ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Terrestrial Network ◽  
4G Mobile Communication

For the coexistence and increasing interference of satellite-terrestrial network and terrestrial wireless network, we analyze a typical scenario where the GEO satellite-terrestrial network and the 4G mobile communication network coexist heterogeneously. Besides, a multi-user cognitive system model that secondary satellite terminals interfere the primary MIMO 4G base stations is also proposed, with whose general signal processing is deduced. Meanwhile, DBF technology in 4G base station system is adopted to minimize the cognitive interference caused by multi-antennas and multi-users. And we propose an OBW-FAI. Weight vector is only related to the azimuth of the interferences, thus the proposed algorithm does not need real-time and repeat calculations, and has small complexity. Finally, the numerical simulation results verify that the proposed system and algorithm can effectively reduce interference between satellite-terrestrial network and terrestrial wireless network to a certain extent.

The Wind and Light Power Supply System Controller in the Mobile Base Stations

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 2778-2781
Author(s):  
Hong Ma
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Supply System ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Light Power ◽  
System Controller ◽  
Mobile Base

With the rapid development of economy, the consumption of energy increasing year by year, the conventional energy is facing increasingly draining.The wind and light power supply system controller in the mobile base stations is a kind of power supply management system,used the wind and light, which have the biggest and the most development potential renewable energy and new energy technology at present.That especially suitable for mobile communication base station,and remote sensing, remote control base station power supply and operation environment. The controller can reduce run maintenance cost, improving the quality of communication and system management level,and the efficiency of the whole.

scholarly journals Multibeam Characteristics of a Negative Refractive Index Shaped Lens

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 5703
Author(s):  
Salbiah Ab Hamid ◽  
Nurul Huda Abd Rahman ◽  
Yoshihide Yamada ◽  
Phan Van Hung ◽  
Dinh Nguyen Quoc
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Negative Refractive Index ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Mobile Base Station ◽  
Mobile Base

Narrow beam width, higher gain and multibeam characteristics are demanded in 5G technology. Array antennas that are utilized in the existing mobile base stations have many drawbacks when operating at upper 5G frequency bands. For example, due to the high frequency operation, the antenna elements become smaller and thus, in order to provide higher gain, more antenna elements and arrays are required, which will cause the feeding network design to be more complex. The lens antenna is one of the potential candidates to replace the current structure in mobile base station. Therefore, a negative refractive index shaped lens is proposed to provide high gain and narrow beamwidth using energy conservation and Abbe’s sine principle. The aim of this study is to investigate the multibeam characteristics of a negative refractive index shaped lens in mobile base station applications. In this paper, the feed positions for the multibeam are selected on the circle from the center of the lens and the accuracy of the feed position is validated through Electromagnetic (EM) simulation. Based on the analysis performed in this study, a negative refractive index shaped lens with a smaller radius and slender lens than the conventional lens is designed, with the additional capability of performing wide-angle beam scanning.

Coexistence Studies between Mobile Communication Systems and Broadcasting Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 303-306 ◽  
pp. 2022-2026
Author(s):  
Zheng Rong Xiao ◽  
Li Yun Zhang ◽  
Jun Liao ◽  
Bin Feng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Mobile System ◽  
High Data ◽  
Mobile Base Station ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Mobile Base

With the rapid development of mobile internet, more and more frequency band will be needed to meet the requirement of high data speed. The system coexistence between mobile system and broadcast system is studied, including the scenarios, models, simulation results, related analysis, and finally the solution to resolve the coexistence is given. In urban, an additional 37dB isolation between broadcast system and mobile base station should been satisfied. And an additional 15.7dB is needed between mobile base station and broadcast receiver.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage Power System for a Soshanguve Mobile Cellular Base Station in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banjo A. Aderemi ◽  
SP Daniel Chowdhury ◽  
Thomas O. Olwal ◽  
Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Power System ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
The City ◽  
Station Site

Over the years, sustainability, impact on the environment, as well as the operation expenditure have been a major concern to the deployment of mobile cellular base stations worldwide. This is because the mobile cellular base stations are known to consume a high percentage of power within the mobile cellular network. Such energy consumption contributes to the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) through the use of conventional diesel generating a set. As a result, the mobile cellular operators are faced with the dilemma of minimising the power consumption, GHG emission, and the operation cost, while improving the Quality of Service of the networks. In attempting to find a solution, this study presents the feasibility and simulation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) with battery hybrid power system (HPS) as a predominant source of power for a specific mobile cellular base station site situated in Soshanguve area of the city of Pretoria, South Africa. It also presents the technical development, showed the environmental advantage and cost benefits of using a solar PV-battery HPS to power a base station site of a 24 hrs daily load of 241.10 kWh/d and the peak load of 20.31 kW as compared to using the HPS of solar PV-diesel generating set-battery. The solar resource pattern for the city of Pretoria was collected from The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and modelled statistically. Thus, the statistical modelling done using solar radiation resource exposure characteristic patterns of Pretoria, South Africa, revealed an average annual daily solar radiation of 5.4645 Wh/m2/d and 0.605 clearness index. The simulation and the design were done using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables and Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation finding shows that the HPS of solar PV-battery combination has about 59.62 % saving on Net Present Cost, Levelized Cost of Energy, and 80.87% saving on Operating cost as against conventional BS powered with Gen Set-Battery.

Management Scheme for Data Collection within Wireless Sensor Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Sami J. Habib ◽  
Paulvanna N. Marimuthu
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Dominating Set ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Intermediate Node ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Simulation Results

This paper proposes a data management scheme which employs an energy constrained algorithm selecting between direct and multi-hop transmissions autonomously based on the residual energy level of the individual sensors. The proposed data management scheme rules out the selection of hotspot sensors, the sensors located closer to the base stations, as the intermediate sensors to avoid the dying of these sensors. In each data transmission, the scheme selects one of the neighborhood sensors having minimal Euclidean distance and maximum energy-level as the intermediate node from the neighboring set, without repeating the selection. The proposed data management scheme manages the data collection by utilizing two scheduling algorithms; as soon as possible (ASAP) and as late as possible (ALAP). As a measure of performance, the simulation results of the data management scheme have been compared with that of minimum connected dominating set algorithm (MCDS). The simulation results demonstrate that the data management scheme outperforms with respect to consume less energy; moreover, it can be observed that the scheme finishes an overall short waiting time of the selected sensors compared to the direct transmission in transmitting the data to the base station. The robustness of the proposed scheme is tested by varying the network sizes and varying the sensing radii.

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