A Hybrid Batch Mode Fault Tolerance Strategy in Desktop Grids

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-50
Author(s):  
Geeta Rani ◽  
Jyoti Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Desktop Grids ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Desktop Grid ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tolerance Strategy ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Conventional Systems

Desktop grids make use of unused resources of personal computers provided by volunteers to work as a huge processor and make them available to users that need them. The rate of heterogeneity, volatility, and unreliability is higher in case of a desktop grid in comparison to conventional systems. Therefore, the application of fault tolerance strategies becomes an inevitable requirement. In this article, a hybrid fault tolerance strategy is proposed which works in three phases. First, two phases deal with the task and resource scheduling in which appropriate scheduling decisions are taken in order to select the most suitable resource for a task. Even if any failure occurs, it is then recovered in the third phase by using rescheduling and checkpointing. The proposed strategy is compared against existing hybrid fault tolerance scheduling strategies and ensures a 100% success rate and processor utilization and outperforms by a factor of 3.5%, 0.4%, and 0.1% when turnaround time, throughput, and makespan, respectively, are taken into account

A Hybrid Batch Mode Fault Tolerance Strategy in Desktop Grids

2021 ◽  
pp. 612-628
Author(s):  
Geeta Rani ◽  
Jyoti Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Desktop Grids ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tolerance Strategy ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Scheduling Strategies ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Conventional Systems

Desktop grids make use of unused resources of personal computers provided by volunteers to work as a huge processor and make them available to users that need them. The rate of heterogeneity, volatility, and unreliability is higher in case of a desktop grid in comparison to conventional systems. Therefore, the application of fault tolerance strategies becomes an inevitable requirement. In this article, a hybrid fault tolerance strategy is proposed which works in three phases. First, two phases deal with the task and resource scheduling in which appropriate scheduling decisions are taken in order to select the most suitable resource for a task. Even if any failure occurs, it is then recovered in the third phase by using rescheduling and checkpointing. The proposed strategy is compared against existing hybrid fault tolerance scheduling strategies and ensures a 100% success rate and processor utilization and outperforms by a factor of 3.5%, 0.4%, and 0.1% when turnaround time, throughput, and makespan, respectively, are taken into account

The Free Responsible Action of the Individual

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. DeJonge
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Responsible Action ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

If, as Chapter 12 argues, much of Bonhoeffer’s resistance thinking remains stable even as he undertakes the novel conspiratorial resistance, what is new in his resistance thinking in the third phase? What receives new theological elaboration is the resistance activity of the individual, which in the first two phases was overshadowed by the resistance role played by the church. Indeed, as this chapter shows, Bonhoeffer’s conspiratorial activity is associated with what he calls free responsible action (type 6), and this is the action of the individual, not the church, in the exercise of vocation. As such, the conspiratorial activity is most closely related to the previously developed type 1 resistance, which includes individual vocational action in response to state injustice. But the conspiratorial activity differs from type 1 resistance as individual vocational action in the extreme situation.

scholarly journals Practicing one thing at a time: the secret to reward-based learning?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katinka van der Kooij ◽  
Nina M van Mastrigt ◽  
Jeroen BJ Smeets
Keyword(s):  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Conditions For Learning ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Giving Feedback

AbstractBinary reward feedback on movement success is sufficient for learning in some simple reaching tasks, but not in some more complex ones. It is unclear what the critical conditions for learning are. Here, we ask how reward-based sensorimotor learning depends on the number of factors that are task-relevant. In a task that involves two factors, we test whether learning improves by giving feedback on each factor in a separate phase of the learning. Participants learned to perform a 3D trajectory matching task on the basis of binary reward-feedback in three phases. In the first and second phase, the reward could be based on the produced slant, the produced length or the combination of the two. In the third phase, the feedback was always based on the combination of the two factors. The results showed that reward-based learning did not depend on the number of factors that were task-relevant. Consistently, providing feedback on a single factor in the first two phases did not improve motor learning in the third phase.

scholarly journals The rate of transmission of the Guatemala earthquake, April 19, 1902

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (508) ◽  
pp. 102-111 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Motion ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Second Phases ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Open Question

In 1900 I showed, by a critical examination of the records of earthquakes, obtained at a distance from their origin, that three distinct forms of wave motion could he recognized, to which I applied the terms first, second and third phase, and that these travelled along different paths and at different speeds. It was suggested that the first and second phases represented the outcrop of condensational and distortional mass waves, which had travelled through the earth, and that the third phase was due to waves, partly elastic and partly gravitational, which had travelled along or near the surface. These explanations have not been universally accepted, and alternative suggestions have been made, but the distinction of the three phases has been generally recognized, the nomenclature adopted, and the first two phases accepted as mass waves travelling through the earth. This last conclusion has been borne out by the time-curves published by Professor Milne, who, using data whose greater abundance compensated for a lesser degree of precision, deduced a set of time-curves essentially identical with mine, in that they showed a curvature in the first two phases which is only compatible with the supposi­tion that they belong to mass waves. In Japan these conclusions have never been formally traversed, but in the more recent publications of that country we find that no less than eight phases are recognized, and designated by the symbols P 1 , P 2 . . . P 8 ; of these P 1 and P 2 correspond to the first and second phases of the last paragraph, while the remainder constitute the third phase. The nature of these third phase waves is still a very open question, and it is doubtful whether there is any real difference in the character of the wave motion of P 3 , P 4 , P 5 , etc., or whether we are not dealing with waves of essentially similar nature, whose rate of propagation is a function of their period; in any case it is acknowledged that these waves are propagated along or close below the surface of the earth. The same conclusion is, however, also adopted for the first two phases, and the rectilinear character of their time curves apparently established by Dr. Imamura, on the basis of a large number of observations.

scholarly journals Study of regeneration in the garfish olfactory nerve.

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Cancalon ◽  
J S Elam
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Mature Neurons ◽  
Collagenous Material ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Injury Causes

Previous studies of the olfactory nerve, mainly in higher vertebrates, have indicated that axonal injury causes total degeneration of the mature neurons, followed by replacement of new neuronal cells arising from undifferentiated mucosal cells. A similar regeneration process was confirmed in the garfish olfactory system. Regeneration of the nerve, crushed 1.5 cm from the cell bodies, is found to produce three distinct populations of regenerating fibers. The first traverses the crush site 1 wk postoperative and progresses along the nerve at a rate of 5.8 +/- 0.3 mm/d for the leading fibers of the group. The second group of fibers traverses the crush site after 2 wk postcrush and advances at a rate of 2.1 +/- 0.1 mm/d for the leading fibers. The rate of growth of this group of fibers remains constant for 60 d but subsequently falls to 1.6 +/- 0.2 for the leading population of fibers. The leading fibers in the third group of regenerating axons traverse the crush site after 4 wk and advance at a constant rate of 0.8 +/- 0.2 mm/d. The multiple populations of regenerating fibers with differing rates of growth are discussed in the context of precursor cell maturity at the time of nerve injury and possible conditioning effects of the lesion upon these cells. Electron microscopy indicates that the number of axons decreases extensively after crush. The first two phases of regenerating axons represent a total of between 6 and 10% of the original axonal population and are typically characterized by small fascicles of axons surrounded by Schwann cells and large amounts of collagenous material. The third phase of fibers represents between 50 and 70% of the original axonal population.

ABNORMAL MILK CONTROL–A PROGRESS REPORT

1969 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 138-139
Author(s):  
J. C. Flake
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
National Mastitis Council

Two phases of a national program on control of abnormal milk are in effect. The third phase is scheduled to take effect July 1, 1970. The program will be evaluated at the May, 1969 meeting of the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments (IMS). A report from the IMS Committee on Abnormal Milk Control will serve as a basis for this evaluation. Many organizations are active in abnormal milk work. These include U. S. Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, National Mastitis Council, local and state regulatory agencies, and many segments of the dairy industry. The Public Health Service published “Guidelines for the Control of Abnormal Milk” in May, 1968. These guidelines cover the first two phases of the IMS Abnormal Milk Program. Committees of the National Mastitis Council are making significant contributions to the abnormal milk program. Good progress is being made on control of abnormal milk. If reason prevails, the efforts of many organizations and individuals will bring success.

scholarly journals Meso Trajectories in the National Innovation System and Their Regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Golichenko
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Knowledge Rules ◽  
Innovative Behaviour ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Phase Process

The mesotrajectory is presented as a three-phase process of the development of mesopopulations: emergence (origination), diffusion (acceptance, assimilation and adaptation) and retention of a new rule (innovation). The central category of the NIS, i.e. knowledge, is considered from two positions: as a set of specific rules and as the most critical innovation resource. The proposed methodology also describes the three phases of mesostructure dividing each of them into two series–parallel sub-phases and incorporating them in the design of niches, technological and market ones. The methodology allows specifying the effect of the evolutionary selection and intermittent development of meso-units in the first two phases, as well as the mechanisms of changing the socio-technological regime in the third phase. The study set and analyse policy for creating motivation for innovative behaviour at different phases of the mesotrajectory. The actors’ mesopopulation are represented as carriers of the properties of knowledge-rules-resources. The knowledge of the actor is taking into account not only as a rule but a factor breaking the mesotrajectory. Among other characteristics of mesotrajectory discontinuity, intermittent equilibrium is taken into consideration in the study. The problem of regulating trajectory continuity is analysed in the framework of public policy.

scholarly journals The functions of the corpus luteum.—III. The factors concerned in the development of the mammary gland

1929 ◽  
Vol 104 (729) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
New Phase

Phases of Mammary Growth .—The development of the mammary gland from before puberty until the later stages of pregnancy may roughly be divided into four phases:— ( a ) During the pre-pubertal phase the mammary gland undergoes gradual development, though the gland is still limited to a few ducts in the neighbourhood of the nipple. ( b ) At puberty ( i. e. , the first œstrus) growth in the ducts takes place. This phase is well marked in the guinea-pig (Loeb, 17) in the rabbit (Ancel and Bouin, 5), and in teh opossum (Hartmen, 14). In teh absence of pregnancy this occurs at each œstrus. ( c ) These phases of growth, however, still leave the gland in a rudimentary condition, and after ovulation, correlated with the development of the corpus luteum, the third phase of growth of the mammary gland begins. If pregnancy fails to occur the subsequent removal of the luteal influence results in cessation of mammary growth after a greater or lesser development. The growth of the gland during the luteal phase of the cycle may being rapidly (as in the rabbit) or there may be a hiatus between the development of œstrus and of the luteal phase (as in the guineapig). Even during the luteal phase of the short diœstrous cycle in the non-pregnant animal the gland may be built up sufficiently to admit of a certain amount of secretion (Hammond and Woodman, 13). Where the luteal phase is very pronounced, as in animals such as the rabbit, ferret and dog, the end of the very considerable growth phase is regularly accompanied by the secretion of milk (Ancel and Bouin, 3, 4; Hammond, 12; Marshall and Halnan, 18). ( d ) During pregnancy the ultimate growth of the mammary gland occurs and this far exceeds the development at any other time. Two phases of growth are found. In the early stages of pregnancy the mammary gland undergoes a degree of development comparable with that found during the luteal phase of the ordinary cycle or during pseudo-pregnancy. In the later stages, however, an entirely new phase of growth begins, which results in greatly increased size of the gland and which culminates in the full development of the gland as found at the end of pregnancy.

The Control of Chagas' Disease in Mambai', Brazil: The Initial Phases

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 466-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
House Improvement ◽  
Improvement Scheme ◽  
Two Phases

AbstractThe control of Chagas' disease depends on breaking contact between Man and vector organisms living in the house fabric; the primary method utilized is residual insecticide spraying of houses. Ministries of health in afflicted countries have elaborated standard procedures for such combat programs. The first two phases of such a program in Mambai', Goias', Brazil are described. In the third phase of vigilance, community participation is necessary to detect residual organism populations in houses. A house improvement scheme applied to houses with persistent infection, is recommended as being most practical at this time. [Infect Control 2(6):466-470, 1981.]

Into the Conspiracy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. DeJonge
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Two Kingdoms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter begins examination of the third phase of Bonhoeffer’s resistance, beginning in 1939 and characterized by his participation in a conspiracy to kill Adolf Hitler and overthrow the Third Reich. Notwithstanding the novel character of this kind of resistance in Bonhoeffer’s resistance activity and thinking, much of his thinking about resistance remains stable in this third phase. As this chapter shows with reference especially to Ethics, the main text from this phase, Bonhoeffer remains committed to the two kingdoms, the orders (although these are now named mandates), and the relationship of church and state articulated early in the resistance. Similarly, Bonhoeffer continues to affirm the types of ecclesial resistance developed in the first two phases of resistance (types 2 through 5).

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