Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on the Currency Exchanges of Selected Countries

Author(s):  
Sudhi Sharma ◽  
Miklesh Prasad Yadav ◽  
Babita Jha

The paper aims to analyse the impact of the COVID outbreak on the currency market. The study considers spot rates of seven major currencies (i.e., EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, AUD/USD, USD/CAD, USD/CHF, and CHF/JPY). To capture the impact of the outbreak on returns and the volatility of returns of seven currencies during pandemic, the study has segregated in two window periods (i.e., pre- [1st Jan 2019 to 31st Dec, 2019] and post-outbreak of COVID-19 [1st Jan, 2020 to 22nd Dec, 2020]). The study has applied various methods and models (i.e., econometric-based compounded annual growth rate [CAGR], dummy variable regression, and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity [GARCH]). The result of the study captures the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on three currencies—USD/JPY, AUD/USD, and USD/CHF—and positive significant impact on EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/CAD, and CHF/JPY. Investors can take short position in these while having long position in other currencies. The inferences drawn from the analysis are providing insight to investors and hedgers.

Author(s):  
Lindsey Kahn ◽  
Hamidreza Najafi

Abstract Lockdown measures and mobility restrictions implemented to combat the spread of the novel COVID-19 virus have impacted energy consumption patterns, particularly in the United States. A review of available data and literature on the impact of the pandemic on energy consumption is performed to understand the current knowledge on this topic. The overall decline of energy use during lockdown restrictions can best be identified through the analysis of energy consumption by source and end-user breakdown. Using monthly energy consumption data, the total 9-months use between January and September for the years 2015–2020 are calculated for each end-use. The cumulative consumption within these 9 months of the petroleum, natural gas, biomass, and electricity energy by the various end-use sectors are compared to identify a shift in use throughout time with the calculation of the percent change from 2019 to 2020. The analysis shows that the transportation sector experienced the most dramatic decline, having a subsequent impact on the primary energy it uses. A steep decline in the use of petroleum and natural gas by the transportation sector has had an inevitable impact on the emission of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants during the pandemic. Additionally, the most current data for the consumption of electricity by each state and each end-user in the times before and during the pandemic highlights the impact of specific lockdown procedures on energy use. The average total consumption for each state was found for the years 2015–2019. This result is used calculation of yearly growth rate and average annual growth rate in 2020 for each state and end-user. The total average annual growth rate for 2020 was used to find a correlation coefficient between COVID-19 case and death rates as well as population density and lockdown duration. To further examine the relationship a correlation coefficient was calculated between the 2020 average annual growth rate for all sectors and average annual growth rate for each individual end-user.


2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (01) ◽  
pp. 038-042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Roche ◽  
Tsun Law ◽  
Samuel Rosas ◽  
Augustus Rush ◽  
Jennifer Kurowicki

AbstractAn increasing number of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) are performed on obese patients. It is imperative to remain up to date on the effect of obesity on surgical outcomes and reimbursement trends. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact different severities of obesity have on primary and revision TKA, specifically: (1) incidence and trends over time; (2) annual growth rate; and (3) admission costs from 2010 to 2014. A retrospective review of a large commercial private payer database within the PearlDiver Supercomputer application (Warsaw, IN) of TKA procedures was conducted. Patients who underwent TKA and subsequent revision were identified by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and ninth revision International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) codes. The index procedure was linked with ICD-9 codes for body mass indexes (BMIs) from <19 to >70. Statistical analysis was primarily descriptive to demonstrate the revision incidence and reimbursement deviations due to BMI. Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was also calculated. Our query returned a total of 87,607 TKA patients within the study BMI ranges. The majority of patients had a BMI of 40 to 44.9 (12.2%) and least in the BMI >70 (0.2%) range. BMI of 40 to 44.9 had the highest overall 5-year mean reimbursement of $11,521 and the highest overall mean 5-year deviation from normal BMI (19–24) patients of $3,300. The incidence and burden of TKA revision was highest in patients with a BMI of 60 to 69.9 (21 and 17.3%, respectively). Average 5-year revision reimbursement and deviation from normal BMI (19–24) was highest in patients with a BMI of 40 to 44.9 ($13,883 and $4,030, respectively). The number of obese patients receiving TKA is steadily rising. The cost of treating obese patients rises as BMI deviates from normal, as does the incidence of revision surgery. Therefore, surgeons must be active in counseling patients on weight optimization as part of preoperative standard of care.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nkete Ziulu ◽  
Gratien Bambanota Mokonzi ◽  
Paul Masimango Vitamara ◽  
Augustin Awongi Issoy

Cette étude vise à déterminer l’impact des conflits armés sur l’évolution de la scolarisation primaire et secondaire en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) de 2005 à 2015. Elle est basée uniquement sur les données quantitatives, à savoir les statistiques de la population scolarisée et celles de la population scolarisable. L’étude analyse l’évolution de la scolarisation au moyen du taux d’accroissement annuel des effectifs, du taux brut de scolarisation et de l’indice de parité. Elle montre que le taux d’accroissement annuel moyen des effectifs des élèves équivaut à 6% aussi bien au primaire qu’au secondaire. L’accroissement des effectifs des filles a été plus important que celui des garçons, exprimant ainsi l’impact des campagnes de sensibilisation organisées par le Gouvernement de la RDC. Cependant, s’il a sensiblement évolué au primaire, passant de 81% à 111%, le taux brut de scolarisation a stagné au niveau de l’enseignement secondaire, soit en-deçà de 45%. L’étude montre, en outre, qu’au regard de la population scolarisable, les filles et les provinces affectées par les conflits armés ont été défavorisées sur le plan de la fréquentation scolaire au cours de la période de 2005-2015. Elle suggère que des efforts soient fournis pour assurer la parité filles-garçons et combler le retard enregistré par les provinces de l’Est du pays. C’est, entre autres, à ce prix que la RDC peut espérer atteindre l’objectif du développement durable 4 d’ici à l’horizon 2030. Enfin, eu égard à ses limites, l’étude suggère quelques pistes de recherches ultérieures.     This study aims to determine the impact of army conflicts on the evolution of primary and secondary school attendance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from 2005 to 2015. It is based on quantitative data, namely statistics on the enrolled population and the school-age population. The study appreciates the evolution of school attendance through the annual growth rate of student sizes, the gross rate of school attendance and the parity index. It demonstrates that the average annual growth rate equals 6% at primary level as well as at secondary level. The increasing sizes of girls has been more important than that of boys, expressing therefore the impact of sensibilization campaigns organized by the Government of DRC. Thus, if it has been significantly developed at primary level, from 81% to 111%, the rate of school attendance has stagnated at the secondary level below 45%. The study shows further, concerning the school age population, girls and provinces affected by the army conflicts have been in a weak position at the level of school attendance during the period going from 2005 to 2015. It suggests that efforts should be made to assure gender parity and to fill the gap on the side of the provinces in the East of the country. It is, among other things, at this price that the DRC can hope to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 4 by 2030. Finally, seeing its limitations, the study suggests some areas of prospective research.      


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam

<p>Data pertaining to 1974, 1992, 2004 and 2010 Censuses in Saudi Arabia was collected. Some reviews and literature on population ageing in Saudi Arabia as well as Facebook usage obtained. Statistics pertaining to Saudi population was utilized.</p> <p>Aged population in 2010 estimated by assuming the annual growth rate of 1974-2004.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouling Wu ◽  
Luli Xu ◽  
Mingyang Wu ◽  
Shuohua Chen ◽  
Youjie Wang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate marker of insulin resistance, has been reported to be associated with arterial stiffness. However, previous studies were limited by the cross-sectional design. The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal association between TyG index and progression of arterial stiffness. Methods A total of 6028 participants were derived from the Kailuan study. TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Arterial stiffness was measured using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Arterial stiffness progression was assessed by the annual growth rate of repeatedly measured baPWV. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the cross-sectional association of TyG index with baPWV, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the longitudinal association between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness. Results Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that each one unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 39 cm/s increment (95%CI, 29–48 cm/s, P < 0.001) in baseline baPWV and a 0.29 percent/year increment (95%CI, 0.17–0.42 percent/year, P < 0.001) in the annual growth rate of baPWV. During 26,839 person-years of follow-up, there were 883 incident cases with arterial stiffness. Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index had a 58% higher risk of arterial stiffness (HR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.25–2.01, P < 0.001), as compared with those in the lowest quartile of TyG index. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis showed a significant dose–response relationship between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness (P non-linearity = 0.005). Conclusion Participants with a higher TyG index were more likely to have a higher risk of arterial stiffness. Subjects with a higher TyG index should be aware of the following risk of arterial stiffness progression, so as to establish lifestyle changes at an early stage.


Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi Matsumoto ◽  
Kouichirou Tsuruzono ◽  
Manabu Sasaki ◽  
Noriyasu Yoshimura ◽  
Toshiki Yoshimine ◽  
...  

Background: The recent trend of the treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms(UIAs) is going to be conservative. Their natural history of rupture and growth is still unkown. We present the results of annual radiological follow-up study in UIAs. Method: In recent 12 years, we have found 121patients with 148 unruptured cerebral aneurysms were followed annually using 3D-CTA or MRA. Mean follow-up period was 5.5 year. Several factors influencing rupture or growth were statistically examined. Results: Among 121 patients, 9 ruptured and 11 showed growth of UIAs. Annual rupture rate was 1.3% per year and annual growth rate was 1.6% per year. Aneurysm size was the sole factor influencing rupture(P<0.001), whereas female sex and multiplicity were major factors influencing aneurysm growth(P<0.05). Under size 3mm, annual growth rate was 3.0% whereas annual rupture rate was 0.7%. In 4-6mm, growth rate was 1.6% and rupture rate was 1.6%. In 7-9mm, growth rate was 0 and rupture rate was 5.8%. In over 10mm, growth rate was 2.9% and rupture rate was 11.6%. Within 1 year, rupture occurred in 4 cases, and growth was found in 1 case. Conclusions: By annual radiological examination, growth of UIAs was noted more frequently than aneurysm rupture. Especially UIAs under 3mm, growth was 4 times higher than rupture, radiological follow up is effective for aneurysm rupture. Within 1 year, initially found UIAs should be carefully followed in a short interval.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Muhammad Munwar Hayat ◽  
Raheela Khatoon

This paper aims to estimate the impact of different factors of basmati exports from Pakistan to its trading partner. Results are obtained by using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model and panel data methodology with a sample of 22 countries for the period of 2003-2019. To estimate the impact of different variables on basmati exports Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model is used on the panel dataset. The results revealed that the inflation rate of Pakistan has a negative and significant effect on the export competitiveness of Pakistani basmati. The exchange rate of Pakistan has a positive and significant impact on the basmati export, the population of Pakistan has a negative and significant impact on basmati export. Basmati production in Pakistan also has a significant and negative impact on basmati export. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan has a significant and positive impact on the basmati export while the GDP of the trading partner has a significant and negative impact on the basmati export. The dummy variable for joint border also has a positive and significant impact on basmati exports of Pakistan.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Nutan Gaud ◽  
M. P. Singh ◽  
Bhoopendra Singh

The present study aims to analysis authorship pattern and collaboration coefficient of library professional’s competency publications research from 1999-2018. The data has been downloaded by Scopus database. A total number of published articles during the period of study was 433 in the particular database on the topic of ‘professional’s competency’. The study examine various scientometric parameter such as authorship pattern, year wise distribution of publication, determine the annual growth rate and compound annual growth rate of publication, relative growth rate and doubling time of publication and so many. After the analysis, it is found that the highest 11.78% of an article published in the year 2015. The highest growth rate in 2000 and the lowest in 1999. The United States published highest 174 article and secured first place in top five countries wish distribution of the publication. Majority of the article is published by single authors is 171 articles during the period of study.


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