Reaction Products of Lime Zeolite Stabilized Kaolin Humic Acid

2013 ◽  
Vol 372 ◽  
pp. 88-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix N.L. Ling ◽  
Khairul Anuar Kassim ◽  
Ahmad Tarmizi Abdul Karim
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Edx Analysis ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Major Reaction Product

Lime, a traditional calcium based stabilizer, had been widely used in chemical stabilization to improve the strength of soil. Past researches had shown that the major reaction product of lime and soil such as Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH) was formed abundantly under the observation of microscopic studies. However, sometimes it will be quite difficult to confirm the existence of CSH phase if solely based on its needle like structures, especially when other rod like structures will also exist. Practically, the recognition of the CSH phase by using XRD spectrum through matching with published data had speed up the process of identification. If the method is viable, then theoretically, the molecular weight ratio of silica and calcium, S/C of CSH gel is specific and can be determined based on its possible chemical compound. Hence, this study was carried out in an attempt to examine the possibility use of its S/C ratio as a quick method to confirm the existence of CSH gel. Two types of artificial organic soils were formed by admixing kaolin (inorganic matter) and humic acid (organic matter) with the ratio of 7:3 and 5:5. Four types of admixtures with different percentages ratio of lime and zeolite (a kind of pozzolan) were used to stabilize the soils. The specimens were cured at elevated temperature of 50°c in order to accelerate the development of reaction products. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope with attached Energy Dispersive Analyzer (FESEM-EDX) was utilized to observe and determine the existence of reaction products and its bulk chemical composition. The S/C ratio of needle like structures were determined and it is found that the S/C ratio fluctuates and varies significantly from one specimen to another. It is believed that due to the limitations of the experimental setup, the EDX analysis can only serve as semi-quantitative and act as a reference guide on the existence of element. Despite of its limitations, the EDX analysis is useful in distinguish the CSH from other structure which is physically un-identical.

Reuse of Fried Oil to Obtain Biodiesel: Zeolites Y as a Catalyst

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brito ◽  
M. E. Borges ◽  
R. Arvelo ◽  
F. Garcia ◽  
M. C. Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Degree Of Conversion ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalytic Reactor ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Catalytic Effects ◽  
Fried Oil

The transesterification reaction is the most utilized process to obtain biodiesel. Fried oil transesterification reactions with methanol have been studied using several zeolites Y and interchanged with CsCl and KOH. The reaction has been carried out both in a slurry reactor and a fixed bed catalytic reactor. The catalytic effects of zeolites have been tested within a temperature range of 60-476°C, 2.5-5% catalyst/waste oil weight ratio, and 6:1 - 100:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. Cosolvents (THF, n-hexane) in the reaction feedstock effect have also been studied as well as catalyst regeneration effects. Viscosity of both the oil and the transesterification reaction products was determined as an initial guide to investigate the degree of conversion to biodiesel as well as FAME content by GC. When interchanged zeolites are used conversions are improved, getting the best yields (98% FAME) for the Y756 zeolite interchanged with KOH. Viscosities of the reaction product obtained reached values next to diesel standard ones.

A model for predicting sediment-water partition of toxic chemicals in aquatic environments

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shimazu ◽  
E. Ohnishi ◽  
N. Ozaki ◽  
T. Fukushima ◽  
O. Nakasugi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
Water Partition Coefficient ◽  
Japanese Water ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

In order to investigate the characteristics of sediment-water partition of chemicals in aquatic environments using published data, we developed a model for predicting the sediment-water partition coefficient (Kp) as the sum of sorption to sediment organic matter and sorption to sediment inorganic matter. This model is so successful that the differences between Kp (median for a variety of Japanese water bodies) and pre-Kp (predicted Kp) are within one order of magnitude in 24 out of 28 chemicals.

Systematics of the (t, p) reaction in Yb and Hf isotopes near the N = 108 "subshell closure"

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Burke ◽  
I. Nowikow ◽  
Y. K. Peng ◽  
J. C. Yanch
Keyword(s):  
Residual Nucleus ◽  
Neutron Number ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Angular Distributions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Boson Model ◽  
Subshell Closure ◽  
Photographic Emulsions

Angular distributions of protons from the 170, 174, 176Yb(t, p)172, 176, 178Yb and 178,180Hf(t, p)180, 182Hf reactions have been studied using beams of 15 MeV tritons from the McMaster University tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The reaction products were analyzed with a magnetic spectrograph and detected with photographic emulsions. Levels up to ~2.5 MeV excitation were studied in each nuclide, with a typical overall resolution of ~15 keV (full-width half-maximum). Measurements were also made with targets of natural Yb and natural Hf, to improve the accuracy of relative strengths in each chain of isotopes, and with a target of 172Yb to facilitate the normalization of previously published data to the present results. One of the most notable features of the data is the large amount of L = 0 strength to excited Iπ = 0+ states for all cases where the residual nucleus has a neutron number N ≤ 108. The populations of these states are not explained by either the pairing rotational or vibrational models. The SU(3) limit of the interacting boson model yields qualitative but not quantitative agreement. For two of the residual nuclides studied, 178Yb and 182Hf, there was little or no nuclear structure information previously available. The (t, p) experiments have located a number of excited states in each of these cases, and also give the first measurements of two-neutron separation energies; S(n) = 12 333 ± 6 keV for 178Yb and 12 413 ± 6 keV for 182Hf.

A quick method for the determination of the Al/Si weight ratio in alumino-silicates using an Am-Be neutron source

2004 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Jonah ◽  
M. O. A. Oladipo ◽  
I. M. Umar ◽  
N. Rabiu ◽  
Y. U. Idris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Source ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Quick Method

HUMIC-FULVIC ACID RELATIONSHIPS IN ORGANIC SOILS AND HUMIFICATION OF THE ORGANIC MATTER IN THESE SOILS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Naoh Solution

Twenty organic-soil samples of widely differing degrees of decomposition were extracted with 0.5 N NaOH solution under N2. Amounts of humic and of fulvic acids in the acidified extracts did not correlate significantly with pyrophosphate solubilities. This was thought to be due to interference in the separation scheme by relatively large amounts of ash constituents in the extracts. Since the "classical" fractionation of soil organic matter appears to involve essentially the "salting out" of higher molecular-weight humic from lower molecular-weight fulvic acids, an excessively high salt concentration during the separation should be avoided.To lower the concentration of inorganic constituents in the extracts, the samples were first pretreated with dilute HCl–HF solution and then extracted with 0.1 N NaOH rather than with 0.5 N NaOH. Under these conditions, amounts of fulvic acids in the acidified extracts showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.52) with pyrophosphate solubilities of untreated extracts, whereas amounts of humic acids in the extracts exhibited a highly negative correlation (r = −0.57) with pyrophosphate solubilities. In the soils examined, increased humification was associated with increases in fulvic-acid but decreases in humic-acid concentrations.From the results of this and of earlier investigations done in this laboratory it appeared that the main mechanism governing humification in these soils was oxidative degradation, resulting ultimately in the formation of fulvic from humic acid.

237Np aND 239Pu Solution Behavior During Hydrothermal Testing of Simulated Nuclear Waste Glass with Basalt and Steel

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet A. Schramke ◽  
Scott A. Simonson ◽  
David G. Coles
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Solid Materials ◽  
Solution Behavior ◽  
Waste Package ◽  
Hydrothermal Experiments ◽  
Nuclear Waste Glass

AbstractA series of hydrothermal experiments were carried out on 237Np- and 239Pu-doped PNL 76–68 glass, synthetic basalt groundwater, basalt, and cast steel. These hydrothermal experiments are part of the Basalt Waste Isolation Project investigation of the interactions of waste package components in a basalt repository. Experiments of three months duration were conducted in Dickson-type rocking autoclaves at 200°C and 30 MPa, with an initial fluid to solid weight ratio of 10:1. All solid materials were ground and sieved to a narrow size fraction. The experiments carried out were: glass and groundwater; glass, basalt, and groundwater; glass, steel, and groundwater; and glass, steel, basalt, and groundwater. Unfiltered, 4000 Â filtered, and 18 Å filtered solutions were analyzed to determine the concentrations of radionuclides in solution and those associated with colloids.The quantities of 237Np and 239Pu in solution were very small. Worstcase calculations indicate that 0.01% or less of the total radionuclide inventories were present in solution. The highest solution concentrations of the actinide dopants were observed in the experiments with basalt, even though smaller amounts of glass were dissolved than in the experiments without basalt. The observed differences in the solution concentrations of 237Np and 239Pu were probably controlled by differences in the reaction products, which were clinoptilolite in the experiments with basalt, and an Fe-Zn smectite clay in the experiments without basalt.

Influences of thermal annealing and humidity exposure on surface structure of (100) single-crystal MgO substrate

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 2133-2137 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Delplancke-Ogletree ◽  
M. Ye ◽  
R. Winand ◽  
J. F. de Marneffe ◽  
R. Deltour
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Thermal Annealing ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Evaporation And Condensation ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Major Reaction Product ◽  
Major Reaction

We studied the influence of thermal annealing on the surface structure of (100) singlecrystal MgO substrates by atomic force microscopy (AFM). By annealing MgO substrates at various temperatures for 4 h in flowing oxygen, we showed that the surface reconstruction could be explained by considering surface diffusion, surface evaporation, and condensation. At an annealing temperature of 1473 K, a stepped structure was formed with screw dislocations acting as step sources. The influence of humidity on the surface morphology of MgO substrates was also studied by exposing them to a constant humidity of 40 and 80% for different times. After an exposure time of 1.5 h in 80% humidity, the substrate surface was already covered by reaction products. For the 40% humidity, the corresponding time is 10 h. The major reaction product was identified as Mg(OH)2 by x-ray diffraction.

Fine Particle Reinforcing Silicas and Silicates in Elastomers

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1286-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Bachmann ◽  
John W. Sellers ◽  
Melvin P. Wagner ◽  
Ralph F. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
General Outline

Abstract Reinforcement has been described as “the enhancement of one or more properties of an elastomer by the incorporation of some ingredient thus making it more suitable for a given application”. This definition gives an excellent qualitative description of the reinforcement of an elastomer, but lacks the quantitative aspects necessary to prescribe specifications for materials to be included in the present review on reinforcing siliceous fillers. The scope of the present review will therefore be defined in terms of the properties of the siliceous fillers rather than in terms of the degree of enhancement of one or many elastomer properties. Experience has shown that substantial improvement in the physical properties of vulcanizates generally cannot be expected from siliceous fillers greater than 50 millimicrons in number average particle size, or less than 50 square meters per gram in specific surface area. These specifications will be used to delineate the silicas and silicates included in the present review, a general outline of which is presented in the following paragraphs: Description of the silica and silicate fillers is made difficult by lack of established categories for these materials. To aid in their classification, a brief discussion of manufacturing methods is presented. Then, lists of commercially available products are introduced. Physical and chemical properties of commercially available reinforcing silicas and silicates are presented, based on information in current brochures obtained from manufacturers. Failure by the manufacturer to specify his methods has occasionally diminished the usefulness of published data. for example, the term average particle size is not specific as it does not state which statistical average value is intended. The lengthy treatment given testing methods constitutes a plea to define or specify test methods. The three properties of primary interest in reinforcing silicas and silicates are the particle size, the chemical nature of the surface, and the state of aggregation. A comprehensive discussion of the chemical nature of the surface is prohibitive because of the wide scope of the topic. Nevertheless, a quick survey was made of this subject with the objective of presenting adequate information to allow an interpretation of the behavior of the fillers in elastomers. The groups encountered are principally siloxane (Si—O—Si), silanol (SiOH), and reaction products of the latter with various hydrous oxides. Attention is focused on silanol groups. Their dehydration and rehydration, their chemical reactivity, and their propensity for hydrogen bonding are considered briefly to aid in understanding interactions of the fillers with elastomers and with curatives.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and genetic study of seedlessness in grape varieties

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
E. T. Ilnitskaya ◽  
E. G. Pyata ◽  
M. V. Makarkina ◽  
A. A. Marmorshtein ◽  
T. D. Kozina
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
Grape Varieties

The phenomenon of seedlessness in grapes is a special form of sterility and it is characterized by the complete absence of seeds in the berry or the presence of their primordia. A phenotypic and genetic studies of 20 varieties of seedless grape growing at the Anapa ampelographic collection were carried out. The manifestation of the degree of seedlessness may depend on growing conditions and climatic peculiarities during crop formation. In the weather and climate conditions of 2019, which were characterized by an increased temperature regime, the degree of seedless berries of the studied varieties was determined. Genetic studies were performed on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the separation of reaction products by capillary electrophoresis using the automatic genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. The DNA-marker p3-VvAGL11, closely linked to the VvAGL11 locus, which influences to the formation of seedlessness in grapes, was used in the work. The mass of rudiments was determined by extracting seed primordia from berries and their dehydration in a drying cabinet to final unchanged mass of rudiments. In the varieties Kishmish Sogdiana, Remaily Seedless and Kishmish Kruglyi rudiments were practically absent. The greatest mass of rudiments in the berry (over 14.1 mg) was observed in the varieties Pamyati Smirnova, Yangi Yer, Vanessa Seedless, Kishmish Luchistyi. In addition to the degree of development of seed rudiments, in seedless table grape varieties, an important indicator is the size of the berry, which generally affects the consumer choice of a particular variety. By the average weight of the berry, Kishmish Luchistyi variety (5.05 g) was distinguished. The smallest mass of berries observed in varieties Rozovyi Biser, Kishmish Siyekh, Kishmish Kruglyi, Kishmish Krupnyi, Bessemyannyi Ranniy (less than 1.5 g). DNA analysis using the p3-VvAGL11 marker revealed in all genotypes the presence of a PCR-product with a size of 198 nucleotide pairs, which corresponds to published data on the correlation of this size of the PCR-product with seedless berries.

scholarly journals Four unlabeled antibody bridge techniques: a comparison.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ordronneau ◽  
P B Lindström ◽  
P Petrusz
Keyword(s):  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Immunocytochemical Techniques ◽  
Unlabeled Antibody ◽  
Shape And Size

Four unlabeled antibody immunocytochemical techniques, the "single bridge" (Avrameas S: Immunocytochemistry 6:825, 1969; Mason TE, Phifer RF, Spicer SS, Swallow RS, Dreskin RD: J Histochem Cytochem 17:190, 1969a; Sternberger LA, Cuculis JJ: 1969), the "single peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)" (Sternberger LA, Hardy PH Jr, Cuculis JJ, Meyer HG: J Histochem Cytochem 18:315, 1970), the "double PAP" (Vacca LL, Rosario SL, Zimmerman EA, Tomashefsky P, Ng P-Y, Hsu KC: J Histochem Cytochem 23:208, 1975) and the "double bridge" (Ordronneau P, Petrusz P: Am J Anat 158:491, 1980) were compared at both the light and electron microscopic levels. The "double" procedures involved repeating incubations with the bridge antibody, in this case, sheep anti-rabbit gamma globulin, followed either by a second PAP step for the "double PAP" or a second anti-horseradish peroxidase step and a single incubation in horseradish peroxidase for the "double bridge." At both the light and electron microscopic levels the staining intensity was greater with the "double" techniques than with the "single" ones. This is probably due to amplification achieved with the second sheep anti-rabbit gamma globulin step, permitting an increase in the number of horseradish peroxidase molecules bound for each molecule of tissue-bound primary antibody. Also, the quality of the various commercial PAP preparations tested was variable. With the weaker ones the staining intensity could be increased by performing an incubation in fresh horseradish peroxidase after the PAP step. Finally, in electron microscopic studies, the reaction products formed in both the bridge and PAP procedures were identical in shape and size.

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