scholarly journals Phenotypic and genetic study of seedlessness in grape varieties

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
E. T. Ilnitskaya ◽  
E. G. Pyata ◽  
M. V. Makarkina ◽  
A. A. Marmorshtein ◽  
T. D. Kozina
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
Grape Varieties

The phenomenon of seedlessness in grapes is a special form of sterility and it is characterized by the complete absence of seeds in the berry or the presence of their primordia. A phenotypic and genetic studies of 20 varieties of seedless grape growing at the Anapa ampelographic collection were carried out. The manifestation of the degree of seedlessness may depend on growing conditions and climatic peculiarities during crop formation. In the weather and climate conditions of 2019, which were characterized by an increased temperature regime, the degree of seedless berries of the studied varieties was determined. Genetic studies were performed on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the separation of reaction products by capillary electrophoresis using the automatic genetic analyzer ABI Prism 3130. The DNA-marker p3-VvAGL11, closely linked to the VvAGL11 locus, which influences to the formation of seedlessness in grapes, was used in the work. The mass of rudiments was determined by extracting seed primordia from berries and their dehydration in a drying cabinet to final unchanged mass of rudiments. In the varieties Kishmish Sogdiana, Remaily Seedless and Kishmish Kruglyi rudiments were practically absent. The greatest mass of rudiments in the berry (over 14.1 mg) was observed in the varieties Pamyati Smirnova, Yangi Yer, Vanessa Seedless, Kishmish Luchistyi. In addition to the degree of development of seed rudiments, in seedless table grape varieties, an important indicator is the size of the berry, which generally affects the consumer choice of a particular variety. By the average weight of the berry, Kishmish Luchistyi variety (5.05 g) was distinguished. The smallest mass of berries observed in varieties Rozovyi Biser, Kishmish Siyekh, Kishmish Kruglyi, Kishmish Krupnyi, Bessemyannyi Ranniy (less than 1.5 g). DNA analysis using the p3-VvAGL11 marker revealed in all genotypes the presence of a PCR-product with a size of 198 nucleotide pairs, which corresponds to published data on the correlation of this size of the PCR-product with seedless berries.

scholarly journals Variation of seedless trait in grape varieties of Anapa ampelographic collection

2021 ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Е.Т. Ильницкая ◽  
Е.Г. Пята ◽  
В.К. Котляр ◽  
Е.К. Курденкова ◽  
Т.Д. Козина
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Selection Of

Среди столовых сортов винограда особое место для потребителей занимают бессемянные сорта. Бессемянность у винограда - это форма стерильности, при которой отмечается недоразвитие семян или их полное отсутствие. В разных сортах винограда степень недоразвитости семян отличается, в зависимости от этого выделяют четыре категории бессемянности. Признак бессемянности в сортах винограда обусловлен генетически, однако категория бессемянности может варьировать. В статье приводятся результаты фенотипического изучения 22 бессемянных сортов винограда в условиях Анапской ампелографической коллекции. Цель исследования - изучение варьирования проявления признака бессемянности у сортов винограда. Оценка сортов выполнена в погодно-климатических условиях 2019-2020 гг. Условия при формировании ягод в 2020 году были более засушливыми. Массу рудиментов оценивали в два этапа: масса свежих рудиментов и масса рудиментов после дегидратации. Наименьшая масса рудиментов в ягоде была отмечена у сортов Кишмиш белый овальный, Кишмиш круглый, Детский, Кишмиш Согдиана, Кишмиш белый круглый. В сортах Памяти Смирнова, Кишмиш 342, Русбол, Янги Ер выявлен самый крупный размер рудиментов (14,1 мг и более). Некоторые сорта из исследованной выборки показали разные категории бессемянности в годы наблюдений, наиболее изменчивой оказалась группа третьей категории бессемянности. У столовых сортов винограда важным показателем является и размер ягод, наибольшая масса ягоды отмечена у сортов Памяти Смирнова и Кишмиш молдавский. Также была определена доля массы свежих рудиментов от массы ягоды. Among table grape varieties, seedless varieties occupy special place for consumers. Seedlessness in grapes is a form of sterility, in which the underdevelopment of seeds or their complete absence is observed. In different grape varieties, the degree of underdevelopment of seeds differs, dividing grapes on four categories of seedlessness. The trait of seedlessness in grape varieties is genetically determined, but the category of seedlessness can vary. The article presents the phenotypic study results of 22 seedless grape varieties in the conditions of Anapa ampelographic collection. The aim of the article is to study the variation of manifestation of seedless trait in grape varieties. The varieties were evaluated in weather and climatic conditions of 2019-2020. The conditions for berry formation in 2020 were more arid. The mass of rudiments was evaluated in two stages: the mass of fresh rudiments and the mass of rudiments after dehydrogenation. The smallest mass of rudiments in a berry was noted in the varieties ‘Kishmish Bely Ovalny’, ‘Kishmish Krougly’, ‘Detskiy’, ‘Kishmish Sogdiana’, ‘Kishmish Bely Krougly’. The largest size of rudiments (14.1 mg or more) was revealed in the varieties ‘Pamyati Smirnova’, ‘Kishmish 342’, ‘Rusbol’, ‘Yangi Er’. Some varieties from the studied selection of samples showed different categories of seedlessness during the observation years, the most variable was the group of the 3d category of seedlessness. For table grape varieties, the size of berries is also an important indicator. The largest berry mass was registered in the varieties ‘Pamyati Smirnova’ and ‘Kishmish Moldavsky’. Also we have determined the proportion of fresh rudiment mass from berry mass.

scholarly journals Development of the Multiple Gene Knockout System with One-Step PCR in Thermoacidophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Archaea ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Suzuki ◽  
Norio Kurosawa
Keyword(s):  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Arginine Decarboxylase ◽  
Sulfolobus Acidocaldarius ◽  
Dna Photolyase ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Multiple Gene ◽  
Plasmid Construction ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Optimized Protocol ◽  
One Step

Multiple gene knockout systems developed in the thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius are powerful genetic tools. However, plasmid construction typically requires several steps. Alternatively, PCR tailing for high-throughput gene disruption was also developed in S. acidocaldarius, but repeated gene knockout based on PCR tailing has been limited due to lack of a genetic marker system. In this study, we demonstrated efficient homologous recombination frequency (2.8 × 104 ± 6.9 × 103 colonies/μg DNA) by optimizing the transformation conditions. This optimized protocol allowed to develop reliable gene knockout via double crossover using short homologous arms and to establish the multiple gene knockout system with one-step PCR (MONSTER). In the MONSTER, a multiple gene knockout cassette was simply and rapidly constructed by one-step PCR without plasmid construction, and the PCR product can be immediately used for target gene deletion. As an example of the applications of this strategy, we successfully made a DNA photolyase- (phr-) and arginine decarboxylase- (argD-) deficient strain of S. acidocaldarius. In addition, an agmatine selection system consisting of an agmatine-auxotrophic strain and argD marker was also established. The MONSTER provides an alternative strategy that enables the very simple construction of multiple gene knockout cassettes for genetic studies in S. acidocaldarius.

scholarly journals Evolvability meets biogeography: evolutionary potential decreases at high and low environmental favourability

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1856) ◽  
pp. 20170516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Martínez-Padilla ◽  
A. Estrada ◽  
R. Early ◽  
F. Garcia-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Environmental Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Environmental Selection

Understanding and forecasting the effects of environmental change on wild populations requires knowledge on a critical question: do populations have the ability to evolve in response to that change? However, our knowledge on how evolution works in wild conditions under different environmental circumstances is extremely limited. We investigated how environmental variation influences the evolutionary potential of phenotypic traits. We used published data to collect or calculate 135 estimates of evolvability of morphological traits of European wild bird populations. We characterized the environmental favourability of each population throughout the species' breeding distribution. Our results suggest that the evolutionary potential of morphological traits decreases as environmental favourability becomes high or low. Strong environmental selection pressures and high intra-specific competition may reduce species' evolutionary potential in low- and high- favourability areas, respectively. This suggests that species may be least able to adapt to new climate conditions at their range margins and at the centre. Our results underscore the need to consider the evolutionary potential of populations when studying the drivers of species distributions, particularly when predicting the effects of environmental change. We discuss the utility of integrating evolutionary dynamics into a biogeographical perspective to understand how environmental variation shapes evolutionary patterns. This approach would also produce more reliable predictions about the effect of environmental change on population persistence and therefore on biodiversity.

Systematics of the (t, p) reaction in Yb and Hf isotopes near the N = 108 "subshell closure"

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Burke ◽  
I. Nowikow ◽  
Y. K. Peng ◽  
J. C. Yanch
Keyword(s):  
Residual Nucleus ◽  
Neutron Number ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
Angular Distributions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Boson Model ◽  
Subshell Closure ◽  
Photographic Emulsions

Angular distributions of protons from the 170, 174, 176Yb(t, p)172, 176, 178Yb and 178,180Hf(t, p)180, 182Hf reactions have been studied using beams of 15 MeV tritons from the McMaster University tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The reaction products were analyzed with a magnetic spectrograph and detected with photographic emulsions. Levels up to ~2.5 MeV excitation were studied in each nuclide, with a typical overall resolution of ~15 keV (full-width half-maximum). Measurements were also made with targets of natural Yb and natural Hf, to improve the accuracy of relative strengths in each chain of isotopes, and with a target of 172Yb to facilitate the normalization of previously published data to the present results. One of the most notable features of the data is the large amount of L = 0 strength to excited Iπ = 0+ states for all cases where the residual nucleus has a neutron number N ≤ 108. The populations of these states are not explained by either the pairing rotational or vibrational models. The SU(3) limit of the interacting boson model yields qualitative but not quantitative agreement. For two of the residual nuclides studied, 178Yb and 182Hf, there was little or no nuclear structure information previously available. The (t, p) experiments have located a number of excited states in each of these cases, and also give the first measurements of two-neutron separation energies; S(n) = 12 333 ± 6 keV for 178Yb and 12 413 ± 6 keV for 182Hf.

Late Quaternary Vegetational Changes in a Marsh Forest in Southeastern Brazil with Comments on Prehistoric Human Occupation

Radiocarbon ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Mareschi Bissa ◽  
Mauro B de Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Core ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Ams Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Se Brazil

This article presents a palynological study carried out on a sediment core from a peat deposit in Serra de Botucatu, in SÃo Paulo State, southeastern Brazilian Plateau. This region has been covered by grassland vegetation and forest patches throughout the recorded period. AMS radiocarbon dating plus palynological analysis of 27 samples from the sediment core allowed the recognition of several environmental changes that took place during the last 33,000 yr recorded in the core. The relationship between sedimentation rates and changes in the abundance of plants recognized through their pollen record, particularly a few important indicator species, provided the paleoenvironmental history for the Serra de Botucatu region, allowing the identification of changes in climate conditions and comparison with other regions in Brazil. One of the most remarkable features of this record is the cold and humid conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum, which diverges from previous interpretations for southeastern and southern Brazil but is in good agreement with paleoclimatic data from trace elements from cave stalagmites in SE Brazil. No indications of human impacts on the vegetation were found in this record.

Determination of the Volume of HPC, Apheresis Products Based on Weight in Grams

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 3850-3850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn A. Keever-Taylor ◽  
Kurt Schmidt ◽  
Hong Zeng ◽  
Dawn Morris ◽  
Sarah Heidtke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd34 Cells

Abstract Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) collected by apheresis [HPC(A)] have become the most common source of HPC used for transplantation. HPC(A) products have a more variable content of CD34+ progenitor cells than marrow or umbilical cord blood, especially when collected from autologous donors. Most often the CD34+ cell content of previous collections is used to decide whether or not additional collections are needed to reach the target CD34+ cell infusion dose. Accurate assessment of CD34+ cell counts are imperitive in order to properly determine the need for additional apheresis procedures. CD34 content is typically measured by flow cytometry, either using a dual platform method that requires determination of the percentage of CD34+ cells within the total nucleated cells or a single platform method that uses counting beads to directly determine the number of CD34+ cells in a given volume of product. Both methods depend on accurate determination of the volume of the product in order to calculate the total number of CD34+ cells that have been collected. Volume estimates of HPC source products are most often performed using the product weight in grams (g) after subtracting the weight of the bag in which the product is collected. The weight is then divided by the product’s specific gravity to obtain the volume. The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of a reference substance, such as water (1 g = 1 mL). The specific gravity of whole blood has been defined as approximately 1.058, whereas the specific gravity of platelet products is approximately 1.030. The difference between the two products is a function of the cellular content. Blood has a higher specific gravity since it contains more high-density cells (red blood cells (RBCs) and granulocytes) than platelet concentrates (largely platelets and lymphocytes). The composition of marrow is similar to blood, so a specific gravity of 1.058 is used. However, there are no published data that estimates the specific gravity of HPC(A) products and since these products are enriched for cells that are more dense than platelet products but less dense than whole blood products neither of the two established specific gravities is optimal to use. We sought to determine what the specific gravity of an apheresis product truly is so as to determine the optimal factor to estimate volume from weight for HPC(A) products. To this end our laboratory sampled 54 well-mixed HPC(A) products at receipt and used a reverse pipetting method and a sensitive analytical balance to weigh 1 mL aliquots of product. A hematology analyzer was used to measure the total number of white blood cells (WBC) and RBCs per mL of product. The 54 sampled products contained on average 2.7 ± 1.1 x 10E8 WBCs per mL and 5.5 ± 2.0E8 RBCs per mL, which is similar to the average seen for 823 products collected since 2010 of 2.81 ± 1.33 x 10E8 WBCs per mL. The weight in grams was significantly associated with the total number of RBCs + WBCs in a given product (p=0.026) but not with total WBC alone, indicating that RBC content was a contributing factor. The average weight (i.e. specific gravity) of 1.0 mL HPC(A) aliquots was 1.047 ± 0.009 g, a value between that of whole blood and platelet products. Based on these data we recommend that laboratories use a factor of 1.047 to convert the weight of HPC(A) products in grams to volume to more accurately determine the number of CD34+ cells contained in a given product. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Direct multiplex PCR for grapevine genotyping and varietal identification

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Migliaro ◽  
Giacomo Morreale ◽  
Massimo Gardiman ◽  
Sara Landolfo ◽  
Manna Crespan
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Cultivar Identification ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Grapevine Cultivar ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Varietal Identification ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Simple Sequence

Grapevine cultivar identification is based mainly on two complementary methodologies: microsatellite (simple sequence repeat (SSR)) DNA analysis and traditional ampelography. Here, we report a direct multiplex PCR approach that allows the simultaneous amplification of 11 SSR loci from crude samples, i.e. bypassing DNA extraction, by using an engineered DNA polymerase improved to tolerate plant PCR inhibitors. Many different plant tissues were successfully amplified: leaf, root, wood, berry flesh and skin, stalk and must, from wine and table grape varieties, and rootstocks. The direct multiplex PCR that we propose is quicker and cheaper than the methodologies used until now, and provides accurate results. Thus, SSR DNA analysis becomes economically more accessible to a larger number of potential users in addition to research institutes.

Cryptosporidium parvum: infectivity and pathogenicity of the ‘porcine’ genotype

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. ENEMARK ◽  
P. AHRENS ◽  
V. BILLE-HANSEN ◽  
P. M. H. HEEGAARD ◽  
H. VIGRE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Patent Period ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Concomitant Infection ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
A New Species

Genetic studies have demonstrated profound differences between the ‘porcine’ genotype of Cryptosporidium parvum, versus ‘human’ and ‘bovine’ genotypes. The study analysed infectivity and pathogenicity of the ‘porcine’ genotype (CPP-13 isolate) of C. parvum, and compared the results with published data on the ‘bovine’ genotype (CPB-0 isolate). This was investigated in calves and piglets from commercial herds. Piglets were mildly affected by the CPP-13 isolate, contrary to piglets infected with the CPB-0 isolate, which caused diarrhoea of a mean duration of 3·5 days. CPP-13 produced no or very mild clinical signs in piglets despite the excretion of high numbers of oocysts. Concomitant infection with rotavirus, however, caused a dramatic aggravation of the clinical signs, and 5 of 6 experimentally infected piglets died. CPP-13 appeared to be adapted to porcine hosts as illustrated by the lack of infectivity to 1 experimentally inoculated calf, and the absence of clinical signs, the long pre-patent period (15 days), and the excretion of very low numbers of oocysts following experimental infection of another calf. Thus, in accordance with other molecular studies, our results support the genetic evidence for the existence of a new species of Cryptosporidium adapted to pigs.

scholarly journals NEW SOURCES OF SEEDLESS GRAPES OF ANAPA EXPERIMENTAL STATION SELECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 250 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
I.V. Gorbunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
Economically Valuable Traits ◽  
Grape Varieties

It is commonly known that the share of seedless grape varieties in the total production in the country is very small. Of 106 table varieties included in the register, only 4 varieties are of kishmish direction (Kishmish radiant, Korinka Russian, Yuzhnoberezhny, Yalta seedless). These varieties are in great demand, since their berries are used both fresh and dried. This article presents results of long-term research on isolation of genetic seedlessness donors among grape varieties of Anapa zonal experimental station of viticulture and winemaking, such as Lotos, Zhemchug of Anapa and Kishmish pink AZOS. These studies were carried out with a simultaneous complex study of economically valuable traits and annually changing weather conditions. In addition, the assessment of these varieties was carried out according to seedlessness sign intensity in the conditions of the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The greatest mass of rudiments of all analyzed samples was found in Kishmish pink AZOS variety, therefore, it was assigned to the third category of seedlessness, although the mass ratio of rudiments to the mass of the berry is negligible. The rest of the studied seedless grape varieties in comparison with the control variety (Radiant Kishmish) have a higher seedless class. It particularly concerns varieties such varieties as Zhemchug of Anapa and Lotus, belonging to the first and second classes of seedlessness, respectively. Along with this, a long-term work was carried out to study the yield of these varieties and their productivity (coefficients of fruiting and fertility), the phenology of plant development depending on weather conditions. In particular, it was found that high productivity parameters are observed in all the studied varieties every year; Lotus and Zhemchug of Anapa have also high yield every year. The conducted work has shown prospects for using grape varieties of Anapa Experimental Station as future seedlessness donors.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLUTEN OF WHEAT GRAINS DAMAGED BY THE WHEAT BUG

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
G. Stankevych ◽  
A. Borta
Keyword(s):  
Quality Index ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Eurygaster Integriceps ◽  
Gluten Quality ◽  
Favorable Weather ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

Favorable weather and climate conditions for growing grain are also favorable for the livelihoods and reproduction of pests of grain stocks, and especially for wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps Put.). Grain damaged by this pest loses its genetically incorporated properties, negative changes occur in the quantity and quality of gluten. Due to the ingestion of bug’s saliva with its special enzymes into the grain, the baking properties of the flour from such grain deteriorate – the dough becomes liquid, sticky, it loses elasticity. Thus, the issue of further effective use of grain damaged by the shield bugis very urgent. This requires information on the dependence of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of gluten on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The aim of the study was to establish patterns of change in the quantity and quality of gluten depending on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug, which will increase the efficiency of the formation of batches for further use in the food industry. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: during the grain harvesting periods of 2015–2018, at the enterprises of the industry, wheat samples were taken with the content damaged by the wheat bug in the range of 0.5...5.0 %, the quantity and quality were determined in them gluten, trends in the quantity and quality of gluten have been established depending on the content of damaged grains and their comparison with published data. The object of the study was the gluten complex of wheat, with various contents of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The subject of research was the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of soft wheat of grades 2–3 of the 2015– 2018 crop samples with various grains damaged by a wheat bug selected at enterprises in the Odessa region. Based on the results of determining the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of the 2015–2018 crop and the available literature data on the quantity and quality of gluten in grain 2005– 2007, a crop with the content of grain damaged by the wheat bug was shown to be 5.0 %, that between the amount of gluten and the content in the grain mass of the grains damaged by the wheat bug, there are no regularities.Existing fluctuations in the amount of gluten are reliably associated with different origins of grain samples grown under different agrotechnological conditions, different protein contents, varietal characteristics of grain and other factors. The regularities of changes in the quality of gluten depending on the content of grain damaged by a wheat bug have been established – with an increase in the content of damaged grains, according to a linear law, the gluten quality index determined on the VDK device also increases. It was also established that the intensity of changes in the quality of gluten significantly depends on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug; there was a slight increase in the quality index of gluten with the content of damaged grains up to 2.0 %, and its rapid growth with the content of damaged grains from 2.0 % to 5,0 % It is shown that in the studied wheat samples with the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug up to 2.5...2.7 %, the VDK indicator belongs to the 2nd group of gluten quality – satisfactory weak and wheat belongs to 1–3 grades in this indicator. With a further increase in the content of grains damaged the wheat bug, the index of VDK increases and gluten passes to the 3rd group – unsatisfactory weak, and the batch of wheat belongs to the 4th class.

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